
:mod:`struct` --- Interpret strings as packed binary data
=========================================================

.. module:: struct
   :synopsis: Interpret strings as packed binary data.

.. index::
   pair: C; structures
   triple: packing; binary; data

This module performs conversions between Python values and C structs represented
as Python strings.  This can be used in handling binary data stored in files or
from network connections, among other sources.  It uses
:ref:`struct-format-strings` as compact descriptions of the layout of the C
structs and the intended conversion to/from Python values.

.. note::

   By default, the result of packing a given C struct includes pad bytes in
   order to maintain proper alignment for the C types involved; similarly,
   alignment is taken into account when unpacking.  This behavior is chosen so
   that the bytes of a packed struct correspond exactly to the layout in memory
   of the corresponding C struct.  To omit pad bytes, use `standard` size and
   alignment instead of `native` size and alignment: see :ref:`struct-alignment`
   for details.

Functions and Exceptions
------------------------

The module defines the following exception and functions:


.. exception:: error

   Exception raised on various occasions; argument is a string describing what
   is wrong.


.. function:: pack(fmt, v1, v2, ...)

   Return a string containing the values ``v1, v2, ...`` packed according to the
   given format.  The arguments must match the values required by the format
   exactly.


.. function:: pack_into(fmt, buffer, offset, v1, v2, ...)

   Pack the values ``v1, v2, ...`` according to the given format, write the
   packed bytes into the writable *buffer* starting at *offset*. Note that the
   offset is a required argument.

   .. versionadded:: 2.5


.. function:: unpack(fmt, string)

   Unpack the string (presumably packed by ``pack(fmt, ...)``) according to the
   given format.  The result is a tuple even if it contains exactly one item.
   The string must contain exactly the amount of data required by the format
   (``len(string)`` must equal ``calcsize(fmt)``).


.. function:: unpack_from(fmt, buffer[,offset=0])

   Unpack the *buffer* according to the given format. The result is a tuple even
   if it contains exactly one item. The *buffer* must contain at least the
   amount of data required by the format (``len(buffer[offset:])`` must be at
   least ``calcsize(fmt)``).

   .. versionadded:: 2.5


.. function:: calcsize(fmt)

   Return the size of the struct (and hence of the string) corresponding to the
   given format.

.. _struct-format-strings:

Format Strings
--------------

Format strings are the mechanism used to specify the expected layout when
packing and unpacking data.  They are built up from format characters, which
specify the type of data being packed/unpacked.  In addition, there are
special characters for controlling the byte order, size, and alignment.

Format Characters
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Format characters have the following meaning; the conversion between C and
Python values should be obvious given their types:

+--------+-------------------------+--------------------+------------+
| Format | C Type                  | Python             | Notes      |
+========+=========================+====================+============+
| ``x``  | pad byte                | no value           |            |
+--------+-------------------------+--------------------+------------+
| ``c``  | :ctype:`char`           | string of length 1 |            |
+--------+-------------------------+--------------------+------------+
| ``b``  | :ctype:`signed char`    | integer            | \(3)       |
+--------+-------------------------+--------------------+------------+
| ``B``  | :ctype:`unsigned char`  | integer            | \(3)       |
+--------+-------------------------+--------------------+------------+
| ``?``  | :ctype:`_Bool`          | bool               | \(1)       |
+--------+-------------------------+--------------------+------------+
| ``h``  | :ctype:`short`          | integer            | \(3)       |
+--------+-------------------------+--------------------+------------+
| ``H``  | :ctype:`unsigned short` | integer            | \(3)       |
+--------+-------------------------+--------------------+------------+
| ``i``  | :ctype:`int`            | integer            | \(3)       |
+--------+-------------------------+--------------------+------------+
| ``I``  | :ctype:`unsigned int`   | integer or long    | \(3)       |
+--------+-------------------------+--------------------+------------+
| ``l``  | :ctype:`long`           | integer            | \(3)       |
+--------+-------------------------+--------------------+------------+
| ``L``  | :ctype:`unsigned long`  | long               | \(3)       |
+--------+-------------------------+--------------------+------------+
| ``q``  | :ctype:`long long`      | long               | \(2),\(3)  |
+--------+-------------------------+--------------------+------------+
| ``Q``  | :ctype:`unsigned long   | long               | \(2),\(3)  |
|        | long`                   |                    |            |
+--------+-------------------------+--------------------+------------+
| ``f``  | :ctype:`float`          | float              |            |
+--------+-------------------------+--------------------+------------+
| ``d``  | :ctype:`double`         | float              |            |
+--------+-------------------------+--------------------+------------+
| ``s``  | :ctype:`char[]`         | string             |            |
+--------+-------------------------+--------------------+------------+
| ``p``  | :ctype:`char[]`         | string             |            |
+--------+-------------------------+--------------------+------------+
| ``P``  | :ctype:`void \*`        | long               | \(3)       |
+--------+-------------------------+--------------------+------------+

Notes:

(1)
   The ``'?'`` conversion code corresponds to the :ctype:`_Bool` type defined by
   C99. If this type is not available, it is simulated using a :ctype:`char`. In
   standard mode, it is always represented by one byte.

   .. versionadded:: 2.6

(2)
   The ``'q'`` and ``'Q'`` conversion codes are available in native mode only if
   the platform C compiler supports C :ctype:`long long`, or, on Windows,
   :ctype:`__int64`.  They are always available in standard modes.

   .. versionadded:: 2.2

(3)
   When attempting to pack a non-integer using any of the integer conversion
   codes, if the non-integer has a :meth:`__index__` method then that method is
   called to convert the argument to an integer before packing.  If no
   :meth:`__index__` method exists, or the call to :meth:`__index__` raises
   :exc:`TypeError`, then the :meth:`__int__` method is tried.  However, the use
   of :meth:`__int__` is deprecated, and will raise :exc:`DeprecationWarning`.

   .. versionchanged:: 2.7
      Use of the :meth:`__index__` method for non-integers is new in 2.7.

   .. versionchanged:: 2.7
      Prior to version 2.7, not all integer conversion codes would use the
      :meth:`__int__` method to convert, and :exc:`DeprecationWarning` was
      raised only for float arguments.


A format character may be preceded by an integral repeat count.  For example,
the format string ``'4h'`` means exactly the same as ``'hhhh'``.

Whitespace characters between formats are ignored; a count and its format must
not contain whitespace though.

For the ``'s'`` format character, the count is interpreted as the size of the
string, not a repeat count like for the other format characters; for example,
``'10s'`` means a single 10-byte string, while ``'10c'`` means 10 characters.
For packing, the string is truncated or padded with null bytes as appropriate to
make it fit. For unpacking, the resulting string always has exactly the
specified number of bytes.  As a special case, ``'0s'`` means a single, empty
string (while ``'0c'`` means 0 characters).

The ``'p'`` format character encodes a "Pascal string", meaning a short
variable-length string stored in a fixed number of bytes. The count is the total
number of bytes stored.  The first byte stored is the length of the string, or
255, whichever is smaller.  The bytes of the string follow.  If the string
passed in to :func:`pack` is too long (longer than the count minus 1), only the
leading count-1 bytes of the string are stored.  If the string is shorter than
count-1, it is padded with null bytes so that exactly count bytes in all are
used.  Note that for :func:`unpack`, the ``'p'`` format character consumes count
bytes, but that the string returned can never contain more than 255 characters.

For the ``'I'``, ``'L'``, ``'q'`` and ``'Q'`` format characters, the return
value is a Python long integer.

For the ``'P'`` format character, the return value is a Python integer or long
integer, depending on the size needed to hold a pointer when it has been cast to
an integer type.  A *NULL* pointer will always be returned as the Python integer
``0``. When packing pointer-sized values, Python integer or long integer objects
may be used.  For example, the Alpha and Merced processors use 64-bit pointer
values, meaning a Python long integer will be used to hold the pointer; other
platforms use 32-bit pointers and will use a Python integer.

For the ``'?'`` format character, the return value is either :const:`True` or
:const:`False`. When packing, the truth value of the argument object is used.
Either 0 or 1 in the native or standard bool representation will be packed, and
any non-zero value will be True when unpacking.


.. _struct-alignment:

Byte Order, Size, and Alignment
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

By default, C types are represented in the machine's native format and byte
order, and properly aligned by skipping pad bytes if necessary (according to the
rules used by the C compiler).

Alternatively, the first character of the format string can be used to indicate
the byte order, size and alignment of the packed data, according to the
following table:

+-----------+------------------------+--------------------+
| Character | Byte order             | Size and alignment |
+===========+========================+====================+
| ``@``     | native                 | native             |
+-----------+------------------------+--------------------+
| ``=``     | native                 | standard           |
+-----------+------------------------+--------------------+
| ``<``     | little-endian          | standard           |
+-----------+------------------------+--------------------+
| ``>``     | big-endian             | standard           |
+-----------+------------------------+--------------------+
| ``!``     | network (= big-endian) | standard           |
+-----------+------------------------+--------------------+

If the first character is not one of these, ``'@'`` is assumed.

Native byte order is big-endian or little-endian, depending on the host
system. For example, Intel x86 and AMD64 (x86-64) are little-endian;
Motorola 68000 and PowerPC G5 are big-endian; ARM and Intel Itanium feature
switchable endianness (bi-endian). Use ``sys.byteorder`` to check the
endianness of your system.

Native size and alignment are determined using the C compiler's
``sizeof`` expression.  This is always combined with native byte order.

Standard size and alignment are as follows: no alignment is required for any
type (so you have to use pad bytes); :ctype:`short` is 2 bytes; :ctype:`int` and
:ctype:`long` are 4 bytes; :ctype:`long long` (:ctype:`__int64` on Windows) is 8
bytes; :ctype:`float` and :ctype:`double` are 32-bit and 64-bit IEEE floating
point numbers, respectively. :ctype:`_Bool` is 1 byte.

Note the difference between ``'@'`` and ``'='``: both use native byte order, but
the size and alignment of the latter is standardized.

The form ``'!'`` is available for those poor souls who claim they can't remember
whether network byte order is big-endian or little-endian.

There is no way to indicate non-native byte order (force byte-swapping); use the
appropriate choice of ``'<'`` or ``'>'``.

The ``'P'`` format character is only available for the native byte ordering
(selected as the default or with the ``'@'`` byte order character). The byte
order character ``'='`` chooses to use little- or big-endian ordering based on
the host system. The struct module does not interpret this as native ordering,
so the ``'P'`` format is not available.

Notes:

(1) Padding is only automatically added between successive structure members.
    No padding is added at the beginning or the end of the encoded struct.

(2) No padding is added when using non-native size and alignment, e.g.
    with '<', '>', '=', and '!'.

(3) To align the end of a structure to the alignment requirement of a
    particular type, end the format with the code for that type with a repeat
    count of zero.  See :ref:`struct-examples`.


.. _struct-examples:

Examples
^^^^^^^^

.. note::
   All examples assume a native byte order, size, and alignment with a
   big-endian machine.

A basic example of packing/unpacking three integers::

   >>> from struct import *
   >>> pack('hhl', 1, 2, 3)
   '\x00\x01\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x03'
   >>> unpack('hhl', '\x00\x01\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x03')
   (1, 2, 3)
   >>> calcsize('hhl')
   8

Unpacked fields can be named by assigning them to variables or by wrapping
the result in a named tuple::

    >>> record = 'raymond   \x32\x12\x08\x01\x08'
    >>> name, serialnum, school, gradelevel = unpack('<10sHHb', record)

    >>> from collections import namedtuple
    >>> Student = namedtuple('Student', 'name serialnum school gradelevel')
    >>> Student._make(unpack('<10sHHb', s))
    Student(name='raymond   ', serialnum=4658, school=264, gradelevel=8)

The ordering of format characters may have an impact on size since the padding
needed to satisfy alignment requirements is different::

    >>> pack('ci', '*', 0x12131415)
    '*\x00\x00\x00\x12\x13\x14\x15'
    >>> pack('ic', 0x12131415, '*')
    '\x12\x13\x14\x15*'
    >>> calcsize('ci')
    8
    >>> calcsize('ic')
    5

The following format ``'llh0l'`` specifies two pad bytes at the end, assuming
longs are aligned on 4-byte boundaries::

    >>> pack('llh0l', 1, 2, 3)
    '\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x02\x00\x03\x00\x00'

This only works when native size and alignment are in effect; standard size and
alignment does not enforce any alignment.


.. seealso::

   Module :mod:`array`
      Packed binary storage of homogeneous data.

   Module :mod:`xdrlib`
      Packing and unpacking of XDR data.


.. _struct-objects:

Objects
-------

The :mod:`struct` module also defines the following type:


.. class:: Struct(format)

   Return a new Struct object which writes and reads binary data according to
   the format string *format*.  Creating a Struct object once and calling its
   methods is more efficient than calling the :mod:`struct` functions with the
   same format since the format string only needs to be compiled once.

   .. versionadded:: 2.5

   Compiled Struct objects support the following methods and attributes:


   .. method:: pack(v1, v2, ...)

      Identical to the :func:`pack` function, using the compiled format.
      (``len(result)`` will equal :attr:`self.size`.)


   .. method:: pack_into(buffer, offset, v1, v2, ...)

      Identical to the :func:`pack_into` function, using the compiled format.


   .. method:: unpack(string)

      Identical to the :func:`unpack` function, using the compiled format.
      (``len(string)`` must equal :attr:`self.size`).


   .. method:: unpack_from(buffer[, offset=0])

      Identical to the :func:`unpack_from` function, using the compiled format.
      (``len(buffer[offset:])`` must be at least :attr:`self.size`).


   .. attribute:: format

      The format string used to construct this Struct object.

   .. attribute:: size

      The calculated size of the struct (and hence of the string) corresponding
      to :attr:`format`.

