\section{\module{tarfile} --- Read and write tar archive files}

\declaremodule{standard}{tarfile}
\modulesynopsis{Read and write tar-format archive files.}
\versionadded{2.3}

\moduleauthor{Lars Gust\"abel}{lars@gustaebel.de}
\sectionauthor{Lars Gust\"abel}{lars@gustaebel.de}

The \module{tarfile} module makes it possible to read and create tar archives.
Some facts and figures:

\begin{itemize}
\item reads and writes \module{gzip} and \module{bzip2} compressed archives.
\item creates POSIX 1003.1-1990 compliant or GNU tar compatible archives.
\item reads GNU tar extensions \emph{longname}, \emph{longlink} and
      \emph{sparse}.
\item stores pathnames of unlimited length using GNU tar extensions.
\item handles directories, regular files, hardlinks, symbolic links, fifos,
      character devices and block devices and is able to acquire and
      restore file information like timestamp, access permissions and owner.
\item can handle tape devices.
\end{itemize}

\begin{funcdesc}{open}{\optional{name\optional{, mode
                       \optional{, fileobj\optional{, bufsize}}}}}
    Return a \class{TarFile} object for the pathname \var{name}.
    For detailed information on \class{TarFile} objects,
    see \citetitle{TarFile Objects} (section \ref{tarfile-objects}).

    \var{mode} has to be a string of the form \code{'filemode[:compression]'},
    it defaults to \code{'r'}. Here is a full list of mode combinations:

    \begin{tableii}{c|l}{code}{mode}{action}
    \lineii{'r'}{Open for reading with transparent compression (recommended).}
    \lineii{'r:'}{Open for reading exclusively without compression.}
    \lineii{'r:gz'}{Open for reading with gzip compression.}
    \lineii{'r:bz2'}{Open for reading with bzip2 compression.}
    \lineii{'a' or 'a:'}{Open for appending with no compression.}
    \lineii{'w' or 'w:'}{Open for uncompressed writing.}
    \lineii{'w:gz'}{Open for gzip compressed writing.}
    \lineii{'w:bz2'}{Open for bzip2 compressed writing.}
    \end{tableii}

    Note that \code{'a:gz'} or \code{'a:bz2'} is not possible.
    If \var{mode} is not suitable to open a certain (compressed) file for
    reading, \exception{ReadError} is raised. Use \var{mode} \code{'r'} to
    avoid this.  If a compression method is not supported,
    \exception{CompressionError} is raised.

    If \var{fileobj} is specified, it is used as an alternative to
    a file object opened for \var{name}.

    For special purposes, there is a second format for \var{mode}:
    \code{'filemode|[compression]'}.  \code{open} will return a \class{TarFile}
    object that processes its data as a stream of blocks. No random
    seeking will be done on the file. If given, \var{fileobj} may be any
    object that has a \code{read()} resp. \code{write()} method.
    \var{bufsize} specifies the blocksize and defaults to \code{20 * 512}
    bytes. Use this variant in combination with e.g. \code{sys.stdin}, a socket
    file object or a tape device.
    However, such a \class{TarFile} object is limited in that it does not allow
    to be accessed randomly, see \citetitle{Examples} (section
    \ref{tar-examples}).
    The currently possible modes:

    \begin{tableii}{c|l}{code}{mode}{action}
    \lineii{'r|'}{Open a \emph{stream} of uncompressed tar blocks for reading.}
    \lineii{'r|gz'}{Open a gzip compressed \emph{stream} for reading.}
    \lineii{'r|bz2'}{Open a bzip2 compressed \emph{stream} for reading.}
    \lineii{'w|'}{Open an uncompressed \emph{stream} for writing.}
    \lineii{'w|gz'}{Open an gzip compressed \emph{stream} for writing.}
    \lineii{'w|bz2'}{Open an bzip2 compressed \emph{stream} for writing.}
    \end{tableii}
\end{funcdesc}

\begin{classdesc*}{TarFile}
    Class for reading and writing tar archives. Do not use this
    class directly, better use \function{open()} instead.
    See \citetitle{TarFile Objects} (section \ref{tarfile-objects}).
\end{classdesc*}

\begin{funcdesc}{is_tarfile}{name}
    Return \code{True} if \var{name} is a tar archive file, that the
    \module{tarfile} module can read.
\end{funcdesc}

\begin{classdesc}{TarFileCompat}{filename\optional{, mode\optional{,
    compression}}}

    Class for limited access to tar archives with a \code{zipfile}-like
    interface. Please consult the documentation of \code{zipfile} for more
    details.
    \code{compression} must be one of the following constants:
    \begin{datadesc}{TAR_PLAIN}
        Constant for an uncompressed tar archive.
    \end{datadesc}
    \begin{datadesc}{TAR_GZIPPED}
        Constant for a \code{gzip} compressed tar archive.
    \end{datadesc}
\end{classdesc}

\begin{excdesc}{TarError}
    Base class for all \module{tarfile} exceptions.
\end{excdesc}

\begin{excdesc}{ReadError}
    Is raised when a tar archive is opened, that either cannot be handled by
    the \module{tarfile} module or is somehow invalid.
\end{excdesc}

\begin{excdesc}{CompressionError}
    Is raised when a compression method is not supported or when the data
    cannot be decoded properly.
\end{excdesc}

\begin{excdesc}{StreamError}
    Is raised for the limitations that are typical for stream-like
    \class{TarFile} objects.
\end{excdesc}

\begin{excdesc}{ExtractError}
    Is raised for \emph{non-fatal} errors when using \method{extract()}, but
    only if \member{TarFile.errorlevel}\code{ == 2}.
\end{excdesc}

\begin{seealso}
    \seemodule{zipfile}{Documentation of the \code{zipfile}
    standard module.}

    \seetitle[http://www.gnu.org/manual/tar/html_chapter/tar_8.html\#SEC118]
    {GNU tar manual, Standard Section}{Documentation for tar archive files,
    including GNU tar extensions.}
\end{seealso}

%-----------------
% TarFile Objects
%-----------------

\subsection{TarFile Objects \label{tarfile-objects}}

The \class{TarFile} object provides an interface to a tar archive. A tar
archive is a sequence of blocks. An archive member (a stored file) is made up
of a header block followed by data blocks. It is possible, to store a file in a
tar archive several times. Each archive member is represented by a
\class{TarInfo} object, see \citetitle{TarInfo Objects} (section
\ref{tarinfo-objects}) for details.

\begin{classdesc}{TarFile}{\optional{name
                           \optional{, mode\optional{, fileobj}}}}
    Open an \emph{(uncompressed)} tar archive \var{name}.
    \var{mode} is either \code{'r'} to read from an existing archive,
    \code{'a'} to append data to an existing file or \code{'w'} to create a new
    file overwriting an existing one. \var{mode} defaults to \code{'r'}.

    If \var{fileobj} is given, it is used for reading or writing data.
    If it can be determined, \var{mode} is overridden by \var{fileobj}'s mode.
    \begin{notice}
        \var{fileobj} is not closed, when \class{TarFile} is closed.
    \end{notice}
\end{classdesc}

\begin{methoddesc}{open}{...}
    Alternative constructor. The \function{open()} function on module level is
    actually a shortcut to this classmethod. See section \ref{module-tarfile}
    for details.
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}{getmember}{name}
    Return a \class{TarInfo} object for member \var{name}. If \var{name} can
    not be found in the archive, \exception{KeyError} is raised.
    \begin{notice}
        If a member occurs more than once in the archive, its last
        occurence is assumed to be the most up-to-date version.
    \end{notice}
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}{getmembers}{}
    Return the members of the archive as a list of \class{TarInfo} objects.
    The list has the same order as the members in the archive.
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}{getnames}{}
    Return the members as a list of their names. It has the same order as
    the list returned by \method{getmembers()}.
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}{list}{verbose=True}
    Print a table of contents to \code{sys.stdout}. If \var{verbose} is
    \code{False}, only the names of the members are printed. If it is
    \code{True}, an \code{"ls -l"}-like output is produced.
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}{next}{}
    Return the next member of the archive as a \class{TarInfo} object, when
    \class{TarFile} is opened for reading. Return \code{None} if there is no
    more available.
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}{extract}{member\optional{, path}}
    Extract a member from the archive to the current working directory,
    using its full name. Its file information is extracted as accurately as
    possible.
    \var{member} may be a filename or a \class{TarInfo} object.
    You can specify a different directory using \var{path}.
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}{extractfile}{member}
    Extract a member from the archive as a file object.
    \var{member} may be a filename or a \class{TarInfo} object.
    If \var{member} is a regular file, a file-like object is returned.
    If \var{member} is a link, a file-like object is constructed from the
    link's target.
    If \var{member} is none of the above, \code{None} is returned.
    \begin{notice}
        The file-like object is read-only and provides the following methods:
        \method{read()}, \method{readline()}, \method{readlines()},
        \method{seek()}, \method{tell()}.
    \end{notice}
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}{add}{name\optional{, arcname\optional{, recursive=True}}}
    Add the file \var{name} to the archive. \var{name} may be any type
    of file (directory, fifo, symbolic link, etc.).
    If given, \var{arcname} specifies an alternative name for the file in the
    archive. Directories are added recursively by default.
    This can be avoided by setting \var{recursive} to \code{False}.
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}{addfile}{tarinfo\optional{, fileobj}}
    Add the \class{TarInfo} object \var{tarinfo} to the archive.
    If \var{fileobj} is given, \code{tarinfo.size} bytes are read
    from it and added to the archive.  You can create \class{TarInfo} objects
    using \method{gettarinfo()}.
    \begin{notice}
    On Windows platforms, \var{fileobj} should always be opened with mode
    \code{'rb'} to avoid irritation about the file size.
    \end{notice}
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}{gettarinfo}{\optional{name\optional{, arcname
                               \optional{, fileobj}}}}
    Create a \class{TarInfo} object for either the file \var{name} or the
    file object \var{fileobj} (using \code{os.fstat()} on its file descriptor).
    You can modify some of the \class{TarInfo}'s attributes before you add it
    using \method{addfile()}.
    If given, \var{arcname} specifies an alternative name for the file in the
    archive.
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}{close}{}
    Close the \class{TarFile}. In write-mode, two finishing zero blocks are
    appended to the archive.
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{memberdesc}{posix=True}
    If \code{True}, create a POSIX 1003.1-1990 compliant archive. GNU
    extensions are not used, because they are not part of the POSIX standard.
    This limits the length of filenames to at most 256 and linknames to 100
    characters. A \exception{ValueError} is raised, if a pathname exceeds this
    limit.
    If \code{False}, create a GNU tar compatible archive. It will not be POSIX
    compliant, but can store pathnames of unlimited length.
\end{memberdesc}

\begin{memberdesc}{dereference=False}
    If \code{False}, add symbolic and hard links to archive. If \code{True},
    add the content of the target files to the archive. This has no effect on
    systems that do not support links.
\end{memberdesc}

\begin{memberdesc}{ignore_zeros=False}
    If \code{False}, treat an empty block as the end of the archive. If
    \code{True}, skip empty (and invalid) blocks and try to get as many
    members as possible. This is only useful for concatenated or damaged
    archives.
\end{memberdesc}

\begin{memberdesc}{debug=0}
    To be set from \code{0}(no debug messages) up to \code{3}(all debug
    messages). The messages are written to \code{sys.stdout}.
\end{memberdesc}

\begin{memberdesc}{errorlevel=0}
    If \code{0}, all errors are ignored when using \method{extract()}.
    Nevertheless, they appear as error messages in the debug output, when
    debugging is enabled.
    If \code{1}, all \emph{fatal} errors are raised as \exception{OSError}
    or \exception{IOError} exceptions.
    If \code{2}, all \emph{non-fatal} errors are raised as \exception{TarError}
    exceptions as well.
\end{memberdesc}

%-----------------
% TarInfo Objects
%-----------------

\subsection{TarInfo Objects \label{tarinfo-objects}}

A \class{TarInfo} object represents one member in a \class{TarFile}. Aside from
storing all required attributes of a file (like file type, size, time,
permissions, owner etc.), it provides some useful methods to determine its
type. It does \emph{not} contain the file's data itself.

\class{TarInfo} objects are returned by \code{TarFile}'s methods
\code{getmember()}, \code{getmembers()} and \code{gettarinfo()}.

\begin{classdesc}{TarInfo}{\optional{name}}
    Create a \class{TarInfo} object.
\end{classdesc}

\begin{methoddesc}{frombuf}{}
    Create and return a \class{TarInfo} object from a string buffer.
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}{tobuf}{}
    Create a string buffer from a \class{TarInfo} object.
\end{methoddesc}

A \code{TarInfo} object has the following public data attributes:
\begin{memberdesc}{name}
    Name of the archive member.
\end{memberdesc}

\begin{memberdesc}{size}
    Size in bytes.
\end{memberdesc}

\begin{memberdesc}{mtime}
    Time of last modification.
\end{memberdesc}

\begin{memberdesc}{mode}
    Permission bits.
\end{memberdesc}

\begin{memberdesc}{type}
    File type.
    \var{type} is usually one of these constants:
    \code{REGTYPE, AREGTYPE, LNKTYPE, SYMTYPE, DIRTYPE, FIFOTYPE, CONTTYPE,
    CHRTYPE, BLKTYPE, GNUTYPE_SPARSE}.
    To determine the type of a \class{TarInfo} object more conveniently, use
    the \code{is_*()} methods below.
\end{memberdesc}

\begin{memberdesc}{linkname}
    Name of the target file name, which is only present in \class{TarInfo}
    objects of type LNKTYPE and SYMTYPE.
\end{memberdesc}

\begin{memberdesc}{uid, gid}
    User and group ID of who originally stored this member.
\end{memberdesc}

\begin{memberdesc}{uname, gname}
    User and group name.
\end{memberdesc}

A \class{TarInfo} object also provides some convenient query methods:
\begin{methoddesc}{isfile}{}
    Return \code{True} if the \class{Tarinfo} object is a regular file.
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}{isreg}{}
    Same as \method{isfile()}.
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}{isdir}{}
    Return \code{True} if it is a directory.
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}{issym}{}
    Return \code{True} if it is a symbolic link.
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}{islnk}{}
    Return \code{True} if it is a hard link.
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}{ischr}{}
    Return \code{True} if it is a character device.
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}{isblk}{}
    Return \code{True} if it is a block device.
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}{isfifo}{}
    Return \code{True} if it is a FIFO.
\end{methoddesc}

\begin{methoddesc}{isdev}{}
    Return \code{True} if it is one of character device, block device or FIFO.
\end{methoddesc}

%------------------------
% Examples
%------------------------

\subsection{Examples \label{tar-examples}}

How to create an uncompressed tar archive from a list of filenames:
\begin{verbatim}
import tarfile
tar = tarfile.open("sample.tar", "w")
for name in ["foo", "bar", "quux"]:
    tar.add(name)
tar.close()
\end{verbatim}

How to read a gzip compressed tar archive and display some member information:
\begin{verbatim}
import tarfile
tar = tarfile.open("sample.tar.gz", "r:gz")
for tarinfo in tar:
    print tarinfo.name, "is", tarinfo.size, "bytes in size and is",
    if tarinfo.isreg():
        print "a regular file."
    elif tarinfo.isdir():
        print "a directory."
    else:
        print "something else."
tar.close()
\end{verbatim}

How to create a tar archive with faked information:
\begin{verbatim}
import tarfile
tar = tarfile.open("sample.tar.gz", "w:gz")
for name in namelist:
    tarinfo = tar.gettarinfo(name, "fakeproj-1.0/" + name)
    tarinfo.uid = 123
    tarinfo.gid = 456
    tarinfo.uname = "johndoe"
    tarinfo.gname = "fake"
    tar.addfile(tarinfo, file(name))
tar.close()
\end{verbatim}

The \emph{only} way to extract an uncompressed tar stream from
\code{sys.stdin}:
\begin{verbatim}
import sys
import tarfile
tar = tarfile.open(mode="r|", fileobj=sys.stdin)
for tarinfo in tar:
    tar.extract(tarinfo)
tar.close()
\end{verbatim}

