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Batuhan Osman TASKAYA
cpython
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c1660769
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c1660769
authored
Ara 28, 2010
tarafından
Georg Brandl
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Remove history; adapt a bit more to reST, since this will once be part of the dev guide.
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c1660769
This file describes some special Python build types enabled via
This file describes some special Python build types enabled via
compile-time
compile-time
preprocessor defines.
preprocessor defines.
IMPORTANT: if you want to build a debug-enabled Python, it is recommended
IMPORTANT: if you want to build a debug-enabled Python, it is recommended that
that you use ``./configure --with-pydebug``, rather than the options listed
you use ``./configure --with-pydebug``, rather than the options listed here.
here.
However, if you wish to define some of these options individually, it is best
However, if you wish to define some of these options individually, it is best
to define them in the EXTRA_CFLAGS make variable;
to define them in the EXTRA_CFLAGS make variable;
``make EXTRA_CFLAGS="-DPy_REF_DEBUG"``.
``make EXTRA_CFLAGS="-DPy_REF_DEBUG"``.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Py_REF_DEBUG introduced in 1.4
named REF_DEBUG before 1.4
Turn on aggregate reference counting. This arranges that extern
Py_REF_DEBUG
_Py_RefTotal hold a count of all references, the sum of ob_refcnt across
------------
all objects. In a debug-mode build, this is where the "8288" comes from
in
Turn on aggregate reference counting. This arranges that extern _Py_RefTotal
hold a count of all references, the sum of ob_refcnt across all objects. In a
debug-mode build, this is where the "8288" comes from in
>>> 23
>>> 23
23
23
...
@@ -24,75 +22,72 @@ in
...
@@ -24,75 +22,72 @@ in
>>>
>>>
Note that if this count increases when you're not storing away new objects,
Note that if this count increases when you're not storing away new objects,
there's probably a leak. Remember, though, that in interactive mode the
there's probably a leak. Remember, though, that in interactive mode the
special
special
name "_" holds a reference to the last result displayed!
name "_" holds a reference to the last result displayed!
Py_REF_DEBUG also checks after every decref to verify that the refcount
Py_REF_DEBUG also checks after every decref to verify that the refcount
hasn't
hasn't
gone negative, and causes an immediate fatal error if it has.
gone negative, and causes an immediate fatal error if it has.
Special gimmicks:
Special gimmicks:
sys.gettotalrefcount()
sys.gettotalrefcount()
Return current total of all refcounts.
Return current total of all refcounts.
Available under Py_REF_DEBUG in Python 2.3.
Before 2.3, Py_TRACE_REFS was required to enable this function.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Py_TRACE_REFS
Py_TRACE_REFS introduced in 1.4
-------------
named TRACE_REFS before 1.4
Turn on heavy reference debugging. This is major surgery. Every PyObject grows
Turn on heavy reference debugging. This is major surgery. Every PyObject
two more pointers, to maintain a doubly-linked list of all live heap-allocated
grows two more pointers, to maintain a doubly-linked list of all live
objects. Most built-in type objects are not in this list, as they're statically
heap-allocated objects. Most built-in type objects are not in this list,
allocated. Starting in Python 2.3, if COUNT_ALLOCS (see below) is also defined,
as they're statically allocated. Starting in Python 2.3, if COUNT_ALLOCS
a static type object T does appear in this list if at least one object of type T
(see below) is also defined, a static type object T does appear in this
has been created.
list if at least one object of type T has been created.
Note that because the fundamental PyObject layout changes, Python modules
Note that because the fundamental PyObject layout changes, Python modules
compiled with Py_TRACE_REFS are incompatible with modules compiled without
compiled with Py_TRACE_REFS are incompatible with modules compiled without it.
it.
Py_TRACE_REFS implies Py_REF_DEBUG.
Py_TRACE_REFS implies Py_REF_DEBUG.
Special gimmicks:
Special gimmicks:
sys.getobjects(max[, type])
sys.getobjects(max[, type])
Return list of the (no more than) max most-recently allocated objects,
Return list of the (no more than) max most-recently allocated objects, most
most recently allocated first in the list, least-recently allocated
recently allocated first in the list, least-recently allocated last in the
last in the list. max=0 means no limit on list length.
list. max=0 means no limit on list length. If an optional type object is
If an optional type object is passed, the list is also restricted to
passed, the list is also restricted to objects of that type. The return
objects of that type.
list itself, and some temp objects created just to call sys.getobjects(),
The return list itself, and some temp objects created just to call
are excluded from the return list. Note that the list returned is just
sys.getobjects(), are excluded from the return list. Note that the
another object, though, so may appear in the return list the next time you
list returned is just another object, though, so may appear in the
call getobjects(); note that every object in the list is kept alive too,
return list the next time you call getobjects(); note that every
simply by virtue of being in the list.
object in the list is kept alive too, simply by virtue of being in
the list.
envvar PYTHONDUMPREFS
If this envvar exists, Py_Finalize() arranges to print a list of all
envar PYTHONDUMPREFS
still-live heap objects. This is printed twice, in different formats,
If this envar exists, Py_Finalize() arranges to print a list of
before and after Py_Finalize has cleaned up everything it can clean up. The
all still-live heap objects. This is printed twice, in different
first output block produces the repr() of each object so is more
formats, before and after Py_Finalize has cleaned up everything it
informative; however, a lot of stuff destined to die is still alive then.
can clean up. The first output block produces the repr() of each
The second output block is much harder to work with (repr() can't be invoked
object so is more informative; however, a lot of stuff destined to
anymore -- the interpreter has been torn down too far), but doesn't list any
die is still alive then. The second output block is much harder
objects that will die. The tool script combinerefs.py can be run over this
to work with (repr() can't be invoked anymore -- the interpreter
to combine the info from both output blocks. The second output block, and
has been torn down too far), but doesn't list any objects that will
die. The tool script combinerefs.py can be run over this to combine
the info from both output blocks. The second output block, and
combinerefs.py, were new in Python 2.3b1.
combinerefs.py, were new in Python 2.3b1.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
PYMALLOC_DEBUG introduced in 2.3
PYMALLOC_DEBUG
--------------
When pymalloc is enabled (WITH_PYMALLOC is defined), calls to the PyObject_
When pymalloc is enabled (WITH_PYMALLOC is defined), calls to the PyObject_
memory routines are handled by Python's own small-object allocator, while
memory routines are handled by Python's own small-object allocator, while
calls
calls to the PyMem_ memory routines are directed to the system malloc/
to the PyMem_ memory routines are directed to the system malloc/ realloc/free.
realloc/free. If PYMALLOC_DEBUG is also defined, calls to both PyObject_
If PYMALLOC_DEBUG is also defined, calls to both PyObject_ and PyMem_ memory
and PyMem_ memory routines are directed to a special debugging mode of
routines are directed to a special debugging mode of Python's small-object
Python's small-object
allocator.
allocator.
This mode fills dynamically allocated memory blocks with special,
This mode fills dynamically allocated memory blocks with special,
recognizable
recognizable bit patterns, and adds debugging info on each end of
bit patterns, and adds debugging info on each end of dynamically allocated
dynamically allocated
memory blocks. The special bit patterns are:
memory blocks. The special bit patterns are:
#define CLEANBYTE 0xCB /* clean (newly allocated) memory */
#define CLEANBYTE 0xCB /* clean (newly allocated) memory */
#define DEADBYTE 0xDB /* dead (newly freed) memory */
#define DEADBYTE 0xDB /* dead (newly freed) memory */
...
@@ -101,73 +96,70 @@ dynamically allocated memory blocks. The special bit patterns are:
...
@@ -101,73 +96,70 @@ dynamically allocated memory blocks. The special bit patterns are:
Strings of these bytes are unlikely to be valid addresses, floats, or 7-bit
Strings of these bytes are unlikely to be valid addresses, floats, or 7-bit
ASCII strings.
ASCII strings.
Let S = sizeof(size_t). 2*S bytes are added at each end of each block of N
Let S = sizeof(size_t). 2*S bytes are added at each end of each block of N
bytes
bytes requested. The memory layout is like so, where p represents the
requested. The memory layout is like so, where p represents the address
address returned by a malloc-like or realloc-like function (p[i:j] means
returned by a malloc-like or realloc-like function (p[i:j] means the slice of
the slice of bytes from *(p+i) inclusive up to *(p+j) exclusive; note that
bytes from *(p+i) inclusive up to *(p+j) exclusive; note that the treatment of
the treatment of
negative indices differs from a Python slice):
negative indices differs from a Python slice):
p[-2*S:-S]
p[-2*S:-S]
Number of bytes originally asked for. This is a size_t, big-endian
Number of bytes originally asked for. This is a size_t, big-endian
(easier
(easier
to read in a memory dump).
to read in a memory dump).
p[-S:0]
p[-S:0]
Copies of FORBIDDENBYTE. Used to catch under- writes and reads.
Copies of FORBIDDENBYTE. Used to catch under- writes and reads.
p[0:N]
p[0:N]
The requested memory, filled with copies of CLEANBYTE, used to catch
The requested memory, filled with copies of CLEANBYTE, used to catch
reference to uninitialized memory.
reference to uninitialized memory. When a realloc-like function is called
When a realloc-like function is called requesting a larger memory
requesting a larger memory block, the new excess bytes are also filled with
block, the new excess bytes are also filled with CLEANBYTE.
CLEANBYTE. When a free-like function is called, these are overwritten with
When a free-like function is called, these are overwritten with
DEADBYTE, to catch reference to freed memory. When a realloc- like function
DEADBYTE, to catch reference to freed memory. When a realloc-
is called requesting a smaller memory block, the excess old bytes are also
like function is called requesting a smaller memory block, the excess
filled with DEADBYTE.
old bytes are also filled with DEADBYTE.
p[N:N+S]
p[N:N+S]
Copies of FORBIDDENBYTE. Used to catch over- writes and reads.
Copies of FORBIDDENBYTE. Used to catch over- writes and reads.
p[N+S:N+2*S]
p[N+S:N+2*S]
A serial number, incremented by 1 on each call to a malloc-like or
A serial number, incremented by 1 on each call to a malloc-like or
realloc-like function.
realloc-like function. Big-endian size_t. If "bad memory" is detected
Big-endian size_t.
later, the serial number gives an excellent way to set a breakpoint on the
If "bad memory" is detected later, the serial number gives an
next run, to capture the instant at which this block was passed out. The
excellent way to set a breakpoint on the next run, to capture the
static function bumpserialno() in obmalloc.c is the only place the serial
instant at which this block was passed out. The static function
number is incremented, and exists so you can set such a breakpoint easily.
bumpserialno() in obmalloc.c is the only place the serial number
is incremented, and exists so you can set such a breakpoint easily.
A realloc-like or free-like function first checks that the FORBIDDENBYTEs at
each end are intact. If they've been altered, diagnostic output is written to
A realloc-like or free-like function first checks that the FORBIDDENBYTEs
stderr, and the program is aborted via Py_FatalError(). The other main failure
at each end are intact. If they've been altered, diagnostic output is
mode is provoking a memory error when a program reads up one of the special bit
written to stderr, and the program is aborted via Py_FatalError(). The
patterns and tries to use it as an address. If you get in a debugger then and
other main failure mode is provoking a memory error when a program
look at the object, you're likely to see that it's entirely filled with 0xDB
reads up one of the special bit patterns and tries to use it as an address.
(meaning freed memory is getting used) or 0xCB (meaning uninitialized memory is
If you get in a debugger then and look at the object, you're likely
getting used).
to see that it's entirely filled with 0xDB (meaning freed memory is
getting used) or 0xCB (meaning uninitialized memory is getting used).
Note that PYMALLOC_DEBUG requires WITH_PYMALLOC.
Note that PYMALLOC_DEBUG requires WITH_PYMALLOC.
Special gimmicks:
Special gimmicks:
envar PYTHONMALLOCSTATS
envvar PYTHONMALLOCSTATS
If this envar exists, a report of pymalloc summary statistics is
If this envvar exists, a report of pymalloc summary statistics is printed to
printed to stderr whenever a new arena is allocated, and also
stderr whenever a new arena is allocated, and also by Py_Finalize().
by Py_Finalize().
Changed in 2.5: The number of extra bytes allocated is 4*sizeof(size_t).
Changed in 2.5: The number of extra bytes allocated is 4*sizeof(size_t).
Before it was 16 on all boxes, reflecting that Python couldn't make use of
Before it was 16 on all boxes, reflecting that Python couldn't make use of
allocations >= 2**32 bytes even on 64-bit boxes before 2.5.
allocations >= 2**32 bytes even on 64-bit boxes before 2.5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Py_DEBUG introduced in 1.5
named DEBUG before 1.5
Py_DEBUG
--------
This is what is generally meant by "a debug build" of Python.
This is what is generally meant by "a debug build" of Python.
Py_DEBUG implies LLTRACE, Py_REF_DEBUG, Py_TRACE_REFS, and
Py_DEBUG implies LLTRACE, Py_REF_DEBUG, Py_TRACE_REFS, and
PYMALLOC_DEBUG (if
PYMALLOC_DEBUG (if WITH_PYMALLOC is enabled). In addition, C
WITH_PYMALLOC is enabled). In addition, C assert()s are enabled (via the C way:
assert()s are enabled (via the C way: by not defining NDEBUG), and
by not defining NDEBUG), and some routines do additional sanity checks inside
some routines do additional sanity checks inside "#ifdef Py_DEBUG"
"#ifdef Py_DEBUG" blocks.
blocks.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
COUNT_ALLOCS
introduced in 0.9.9
COUNT_ALLOCS
partly broken in 2.2 and 2.2.1
------------
Each type object grows three new members:
Each type object grows three new members:
...
@@ -183,84 +175,85 @@ Each type object grows three new members:
...
@@ -183,84 +175,85 @@ Each type object grows three new members:
*/
*/
int tp_maxalloc;
int tp_maxalloc;
Allocation and deallocation code keeps these counts up to date.
Allocation and deallocation code keeps these counts up to date.
Py_Finalize()
Py_Finalize() displays a summary of the info returned by sys.getcounts()
displays a summary of the info returned by sys.getcounts() (see below), along
(see below), along with assorted other special allocation counts (lik
e
with assorted other special allocation counts (like the number of tupl
e
the number of tuple allocations satisfied by a tuple free-list, the number
allocations satisfied by a tuple free-list, the number of 1-character strings
of 1-character strings
allocated, etc).
allocated, etc).
Before Python 2.2, type objects were immortal, and the COUNT_ALLOCS
Before Python 2.2, type objects were immortal, and the COUNT_ALLOCS
implementation relies on that. As of Python 2.2, heap-allocated type/
implementation relies on that. As of Python 2.2, heap-allocated type/
class
class objects can go away. COUNT_ALLOCS can blow up in 2.2 and 2.2.1
objects can go away. COUNT_ALLOCS can blow up in 2.2 and 2.2.1 because of this;
because of this; this was fixed in 2.2.2. Use of COUNT_ALLOCS makes
this was fixed in 2.2.2. Use of COUNT_ALLOCS makes all heap-allocated type
all heap-allocated type objects immortal, except for those for which no
objects immortal, except for those for which no object of that type is ever
object of that type is ever
allocated.
allocated.
Starting with Python 2.3, If Py_TRACE_REFS is also defined, COUNT_ALLOCS
Starting with Python 2.3, If Py_TRACE_REFS is also defined, COUNT_ALLOCS
arranges to ensure that the type object for each allocated object
arranges to ensure that the type object for each allocated object appears in the
appears in the doubly-linked list of all objects maintained by
doubly-linked list of all objects maintained by Py_TRACE_REFS.
Py_TRACE_REFS.
Special gimmicks:
Special gimmicks:
sys.getcounts()
sys.getcounts()
Return a list of 4-tuples, one entry for each type object for which
Return a list of 4-tuples, one entry for each type object for which at least
at least one object of that type was allocated. Each tuple is of
one object of that type was allocated. Each tuple is of the form:
the form:
(tp_name, tp_allocs, tp_frees, tp_maxalloc)
(tp_name, tp_allocs, tp_frees, tp_maxalloc)
Each distinct type object gets a distinct entry in this list, even
Each distinct type object gets a distinct entry in this list, even if two or
if two or more type objects have the same tp_name (in which case
more type objects have the same tp_name (in which case there's no way to
there's no way to distinguish them by looking at this list). The
distinguish them by looking at this list). The list is ordered by time of
list is ordered by time of first object allocation: the type object
first object allocation: the type object for which the first allocation of
for which the first allocation of an object of that type occurred
an object of that type occurred most recently is at the front of the list.
most recently is at the front of the list.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
LLTRACE introduced well before 1.0
LLTRACE
-------
Compile in support for Low Level TRACE-ing of the main interpreter loop.
Compile in support for Low Level TRACE-ing of the main interpreter loop.
When this preprocessor symbol is defined, before PyEval_EvalFrame
When this preprocessor symbol is defined, before PyEval_EvalFrame
(eval_frame in
(eval_frame in 2.3 and 2.2, eval_code2 before that) executes a frame's cod
e
2.3 and 2.2, eval_code2 before that) executes a frame's code it checks th
e
it checks the frame's global namespace for a variable "__lltrace__". If
frame's global namespace for a variable "__lltrace__". If such a variable is
such a variable is found, mounds of information about what the interpreter
found, mounds of information about what the interpreter is doing are sprayed to
is doing are sprayed to stdout, such as every opcode and opcode argument
stdout, such as every opcode and opcode argument and values pushed onto and
and values pushed onto and
popped off the value stack.
popped off the value stack.
Not useful very often, but very useful when needed.
Not useful very often, but very useful when needed.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
CALL_PROFILE introduced for Python 2.3
CALL_PROFILE
------------
Count the number of function calls executed.
Count the number of function calls executed.
When this symbol is defined, the ceval mainloop and helper functions
When this symbol is defined, the ceval mainloop and helper functions count the
count the number of function calls made. It keeps detailed statistics
number of function calls made. It keeps detailed statistics about what kind of
about what kind of object was called and whether the call hit any of
object was called and whether the call hit any of the special fast paths in the
the special fast paths in the code.
code.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
WITH_TSC
WITH_TSC introduced for Python 2.4
--------
Super-lowlevel profiling of the interpreter. When enabled, the sys
Super-lowlevel profiling of the interpreter. When enabled, the sys
module grows
module grows
a new function:
a new function:
settscdump(bool)
settscdump(bool)
If true, tell the Python interpreter to dump VM measurements to
If true, tell the Python interpreter to dump VM measurements to
stderr. If
stderr. If false, turn off dump. The measurements are based on the
false, turn off dump. The measurements are based on the processor's
processor's
time-stamp counter.
time-stamp counter.
This build option requires a small amount of platform specific code.
This build option requires a small amount of platform specific code.
Currently
Currently this code is present for linux/x86 and any PowerPC platform
this code is present for linux/x86 and any PowerPC platform that uses GCC
that uses GCC
(i.e. OS X and linux/ppc).
(i.e. OS X and linux/ppc).
On the PowerPC the rate at which the time base register is incremented
On the PowerPC the rate at which the time base register is incremented
is not
is not defined by the architecture specification, so you'll need to
defined by the architecture specification, so you'll need to find the manual for
find the manual for your specific processor. For the 750CX, 750CXe
your specific processor. For the 750CX, 750CXe and 750FX (all sold as the G3)
and 750FX (all sold as the G3)
we find:
we find:
The time base counter is clocked at a frequency that is
The time base counter is clocked at a frequency that is
one-fourth that of
one-fourth that of
the bus clock.
the bus clock.
This build is enabled by the --with-tsc flag to configure.
This build is enabled by the --with-tsc flag to configure.
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