====================================================
The Django template language: for Python programmers
====================================================

.. currentmodule:: django.template

This document explains the Django template system from a technical
perspective -- how it works and how to extend it. If you're just looking for
reference on the language syntax, see :doc:`/ref/templates/language`.

It assumes an understanding of templates, contexts, variables, tags, and
rendering. Start with the :ref:`introduction to the Django template language
<template-language-intro>` if you aren't familiar with these concepts.

Overview
========

Using the template system in Python is a three-step process:

1. You configure an :class:`Engine`.
2. You compile template code into a :class:`Template`.
3. You render the template with a :class:`Context`.

Django projects generally rely on the :ref:`high level, backend agnostic APIs
<template-engines>` for each of these steps instead of the template system's
lower level APIs:

1. For each :class:`~django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates` backend
   in the :setting:`TEMPLATES` setting, Django instantiates an
   :class:`Engine`. :class:`~django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates`
   wraps :class:`Engine` and adapts it to the common template backend API.
2. The :mod:`django.template.loader` module provides functions such as
   :func:`~django.template.loader.get_template` for loading templates. They
   return a ``django.template.backends.django.Template`` which wraps the
   actual :class:`django.template.Template`.
3. The ``Template`` obtained in the previous step has a
   :meth:`~django.template.backends.base.Template.render` method which
   marshals a context and possibly a request into a :class:`Context` and
   delegates the rendering to the underlying :class:`Template`.

Configuring an engine
=====================

If you are simply using the
:class:`~django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates` backend, this
probably isn't the documentation you're looking for. An instance of the
``Engine`` class described below is accessible using the ``engine`` attribute
of that backend and any attribute defaults mentioned below are overridden by
what's passed by :class:`~django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates`.

.. class:: Engine(dirs=None, app_dirs=False, context_processors=None, debug=False, loaders=None, string_if_invalid='', file_charset='utf-8', libraries=None, builtins=None, autoescape=True)

    When instantiating an ``Engine`` all arguments must be passed as keyword
    arguments:

    * ``dirs`` is a list of directories where the engine should look for
      template source files. It is used to configure
      :class:`filesystem.Loader <django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader>`.

      It defaults to an empty list.

    * ``app_dirs`` only affects the default value of ``loaders``. See below.

      It defaults to ``False``.

    * ``autoescape`` controls whether HTML autoescaping is enabled.

      It defaults to ``True``.

      .. warning::

          Only set it to ``False`` if you're rendering non-HTML templates!

    * ``context_processors`` is a list of dotted Python paths to callables
      that are used to populate the context when a template is rendered with a
      request. These callables take a request object as their argument and
      return a :class:`dict` of items to be merged into the context.

      It defaults to an empty list.

      See :class:`~django.template.RequestContext` for more information.

    * ``debug`` is a boolean that turns on/off template debug mode. If it is
      ``True``, the template engine will store additional debug information
      which can be used to display a detailed report for any exception raised
      during template rendering.

      It defaults to ``False``.

    * ``loaders`` is a list of template loader classes, specified as strings.
      Each ``Loader`` class knows how to import templates from a particular
      source. Optionally, a tuple can be used instead of a string. The first
      item in the tuple should be the ``Loader`` class name, subsequent items
      are passed to the ``Loader`` during initialization.

      It defaults to a list containing:

      * ``'django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader'``
      * ``'django.template.loaders.app_directories.Loader'`` if and only if
        ``app_dirs`` is ``True``.

      If ``debug`` is ``False``, these loaders are wrapped in
      :class:`django.template.loaders.cached.Loader`.

      See :ref:`template-loaders` for details.

    * ``string_if_invalid`` is the output, as a string, that the template
      system should use for invalid (e.g. misspelled) variables.

      It defaults to the empty string.

      See :ref:`invalid-template-variables` for details.

    * ``file_charset`` is the charset used to read template files on disk.

      It defaults to ``'utf-8'``.

    * ``'libraries'``: A dictionary of labels and dotted Python paths of template
      tag modules to register with the template engine. This is used to add new
      libraries or provide alternate labels for existing ones. For example::

          Engine(
              libraries={
                  'myapp_tags': 'path.to.myapp.tags',
                  'admin.urls': 'django.contrib.admin.templatetags.admin_urls',
              },
          )

      Libraries can be loaded by passing the corresponding dictionary key to
      the :ttag:`{% load %}<load>` tag.

    * ``'builtins'``: A list of dotted Python paths of template tag modules to
      add to :doc:`built-ins </ref/templates/builtins>`. For example::

          Engine(
              builtins=['myapp.builtins'],
          )

      Tags and filters from built-in libraries can be used without first calling
      the :ttag:`{% load %}<load>` tag.

.. staticmethod:: Engine.get_default()

    Returns the underlying :class:`Engine` from the first configured
    :class:`~django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates` engine. Raises
    :exc:`~django.core.exceptions.ImproperlyConfigured` if no engines are
    configured.

    It's required for preserving APIs that rely on a globally available,
    implicitly configured engine. Any other use is strongly discouraged.

    .. versionchanged:: 2.0

        In older versions, raises
        :exc:`~django.core.exceptions.ImproperlyConfigured` if multiple
        engines are configured rather than returning the first engine.

.. method:: Engine.from_string(template_code)

    Compiles the given template code and returns a :class:`Template` object.

.. method:: Engine.get_template(template_name)

    Loads a template with the given name, compiles it and returns a
    :class:`Template` object.

.. method:: Engine.select_template(template_name_list)

    Like :meth:`~Engine.get_template`, except it takes a list of names
    and returns the first template that was found.

Loading a template
==================

The recommended way to create a :class:`Template` is by calling the factory
methods of the :class:`Engine`: :meth:`~Engine.get_template`,
:meth:`~Engine.select_template` and :meth:`~Engine.from_string`.

In a Django project where the :setting:`TEMPLATES` setting defines a
:class:`~django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates` engine, it's
possible to instantiate a :class:`Template` directly. If more than one
:class:`~django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates` engine is defined,
the first one will be used.

.. class:: Template

    This class lives at ``django.template.Template``. The constructor takes
    one argument — the raw template code::

        from django.template import Template

        template = Template("My name is {{ my_name }}.")

.. admonition:: Behind the scenes

    The system only parses your raw template code once -- when you create the
    ``Template`` object. From then on, it's stored internally as a tree
    structure for performance.

    Even the parsing itself is quite fast. Most of the parsing happens via a
    single call to a single, short, regular expression.

Rendering a context
===================

Once you have a compiled :class:`Template` object, you can render a context
with it. You can reuse the same template to render it several times with
different contexts.

.. class:: Context(dict_=None)

    The constructor of ``django.template.Context`` takes an optional argument —
    a dictionary mapping variable names to variable values.

    For details, see :ref:`playing-with-context` below.

.. method:: Template.render(context)

    Call the :class:`Template` object's ``render()`` method with a
    :class:`Context` to "fill" the template::

        >>> from django.template import Context, Template
        >>> template = Template("My name is {{ my_name }}.")

        >>> context = Context({"my_name": "Adrian"})
        >>> template.render(context)
        "My name is Adrian."

        >>> context = Context({"my_name": "Dolores"})
        >>> template.render(context)
        "My name is Dolores."

Variables and lookups
---------------------

Variable names must consist of any letter (A-Z), any digit (0-9), an underscore
(but they must not start with an underscore) or a dot.

Dots have a special meaning in template rendering. A dot in a variable name
signifies a **lookup**. Specifically, when the template system encounters a
dot in a variable name, it tries the following lookups, in this order:

* Dictionary lookup. Example: ``foo["bar"]``
* Attribute lookup. Example: ``foo.bar``
* List-index lookup. Example: ``foo[bar]``

Note that "bar" in a template expression like ``{{ foo.bar }}`` will be
interpreted as a literal string and not using the value of the variable "bar",
if one exists in the template context.

The template system uses the first lookup type that works. It's short-circuit
logic. Here are a few examples::

    >>> from django.template import Context, Template
    >>> t = Template("My name is {{ person.first_name }}.")
    >>> d = {"person": {"first_name": "Joe", "last_name": "Johnson"}}
    >>> t.render(Context(d))
    "My name is Joe."

    >>> class PersonClass: pass
    >>> p = PersonClass()
    >>> p.first_name = "Ron"
    >>> p.last_name = "Nasty"
    >>> t.render(Context({"person": p}))
    "My name is Ron."

    >>> t = Template("The first stooge in the list is {{ stooges.0 }}.")
    >>> c = Context({"stooges": ["Larry", "Curly", "Moe"]})
    >>> t.render(c)
    "The first stooge in the list is Larry."

If any part of the variable is callable, the template system will try calling
it. Example::

    >>> class PersonClass2:
    ...     def name(self):
    ...         return "Samantha"
    >>> t = Template("My name is {{ person.name }}.")
    >>> t.render(Context({"person": PersonClass2}))
    "My name is Samantha."

Callable variables are slightly more complex than variables which only require
straight lookups. Here are some things to keep in mind:

* If the variable raises an exception when called, the exception will be
  propagated, unless the exception has an attribute
  ``silent_variable_failure`` whose value is ``True``. If the exception
  *does* have a ``silent_variable_failure`` attribute whose value is
  ``True``, the variable will render as the value of the engine's
  ``string_if_invalid`` configuration option (an empty string, by default).
  Example::

    >>> t = Template("My name is {{ person.first_name }}.")
    >>> class PersonClass3:
    ...     def first_name(self):
    ...         raise AssertionError("foo")
    >>> p = PersonClass3()
    >>> t.render(Context({"person": p}))
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
    AssertionError: foo

    >>> class SilentAssertionError(Exception):
    ...     silent_variable_failure = True
    >>> class PersonClass4:
    ...     def first_name(self):
    ...         raise SilentAssertionError
    >>> p = PersonClass4()
    >>> t.render(Context({"person": p}))
    "My name is ."

  Note that :exc:`django.core.exceptions.ObjectDoesNotExist`, which is the
  base class for all Django database API ``DoesNotExist`` exceptions, has
  ``silent_variable_failure = True``. So if you're using Django templates
  with Django model objects, any ``DoesNotExist`` exception will fail
  silently.

* A variable can only be called if it has no required arguments. Otherwise,
  the system will return the value of the engine's ``string_if_invalid``
  option.

.. _alters-data-description:

* Obviously, there can be side effects when calling some variables, and
  it'd be either foolish or a security hole to allow the template system
  to access them.

  A good example is the :meth:`~django.db.models.Model.delete` method on
  each Django model object. The template system shouldn't be allowed to do
  something like this::

    I will now delete this valuable data. {{ data.delete }}

  To prevent this, set an ``alters_data`` attribute on the callable
  variable. The template system won't call a variable if it has
  ``alters_data=True`` set, and will instead replace the variable with
  ``string_if_invalid``, unconditionally.  The
  dynamically-generated :meth:`~django.db.models.Model.delete` and
  :meth:`~django.db.models.Model.save` methods on Django model objects get
  ``alters_data=True`` automatically. Example::

    def sensitive_function(self):
        self.database_record.delete()
    sensitive_function.alters_data = True

* Occasionally you may want to turn off this feature for other reasons,
  and tell the template system to leave a variable uncalled no matter
  what.  To do so, set a ``do_not_call_in_templates`` attribute on the
  callable with the value ``True``.  The template system then will act as
  if your variable is not callable (allowing you to access attributes of
  the callable, for example).

.. _invalid-template-variables:

How invalid variables are handled
---------------------------------

Generally, if a variable doesn't exist, the template system inserts the value
of the engine's ``string_if_invalid`` configuration option, which is set to
``''`` (the empty string) by default.

Filters that are applied to an invalid variable will only be applied if
``string_if_invalid`` is set to ``''`` (the empty string). If
``string_if_invalid`` is set to any other value, variable filters will be
ignored.

This behavior is slightly different for the ``if``, ``for`` and ``regroup``
template tags. If an invalid variable is provided to one of these template
tags, the variable will be interpreted as ``None``. Filters are always
applied to invalid variables within these template tags.

If ``string_if_invalid`` contains a ``'%s'``, the format marker will be
replaced with the name of the invalid variable.

.. admonition:: For debug purposes only!

    While ``string_if_invalid`` can be a useful debugging tool, it is a bad
    idea to turn it on as a 'development default'.

    Many templates, including those in the Admin site, rely upon the silence
    of the template system when a nonexistent variable is encountered. If you
    assign a value other than ``''`` to ``string_if_invalid``, you will
    experience rendering problems with these templates and sites.

    Generally, ``string_if_invalid`` should only be enabled in order to debug
    a specific template problem, then cleared once debugging is complete.

Built-in variables
------------------

Every context contains ``True``, ``False`` and ``None``. As you would expect,
these variables resolve to the corresponding Python objects.

Limitations with string literals
--------------------------------

Django's template language has no way to escape the characters used for its own
syntax. For example, the :ttag:`templatetag` tag is required if you need to
output character sequences like ``{%`` and ``%}``.

A similar issue exists if you want to include these sequences in template filter
or tag arguments. For example, when parsing a block tag, Django's template
parser looks for the first occurrence of ``%}`` after a ``{%``. This prevents
the use of ``"%}"`` as a string literal. For example, a ``TemplateSyntaxError``
will be raised for the following expressions::

  {% include "template.html" tvar="Some string literal with %} in it." %}

  {% with tvar="Some string literal with %} in it." %}{% endwith %}

The same issue can be triggered by using a reserved sequence in filter
arguments::

  {{ some.variable|default:"}}" }}

If you need to use strings with these sequences, store them in template
variables or use a custom template tag or filter to workaround the limitation.

.. _playing-with-context:

Playing with ``Context`` objects
================================

Most of the time, you'll instantiate :class:`Context` objects by passing in a
fully-populated dictionary to ``Context()``. But you can add and delete items
from a ``Context`` object once it's been instantiated, too, using standard
dictionary syntax::

    >>> from django.template import Context
    >>> c = Context({"foo": "bar"})
    >>> c['foo']
    'bar'
    >>> del c['foo']
    >>> c['foo']
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
    KeyError: 'foo'
    >>> c['newvariable'] = 'hello'
    >>> c['newvariable']
    'hello'

.. method:: Context.get(key, otherwise=None)

    Returns the value for ``key`` if ``key`` is in the context, else returns
    ``otherwise``.

.. method:: Context.setdefault(key, default=None)

    If ``key`` is in the context, returns its value. Otherwise inserts ``key``
    with a value of ``default`` and returns ``default``.

.. method:: Context.pop()
.. method:: Context.push()
.. exception:: ContextPopException

A ``Context`` object is a stack. That is, you can ``push()`` and ``pop()`` it.
If you ``pop()`` too much, it'll raise
``django.template.ContextPopException``::

    >>> c = Context()
    >>> c['foo'] = 'first level'
    >>> c.push()
    {}
    >>> c['foo'] = 'second level'
    >>> c['foo']
    'second level'
    >>> c.pop()
    {'foo': 'second level'}
    >>> c['foo']
    'first level'
    >>> c['foo'] = 'overwritten'
    >>> c['foo']
    'overwritten'
    >>> c.pop()
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
    ContextPopException

You can also use ``push()`` as a context manager to ensure a matching ``pop()``
is called.

    >>> c = Context()
    >>> c['foo'] = 'first level'
    >>> with c.push():
    ...     c['foo'] = 'second level'
    ...     c['foo']
    'second level'
    >>> c['foo']
    'first level'

All arguments passed to ``push()`` will be passed to the ``dict`` constructor
used to build the new context level.

    >>> c = Context()
    >>> c['foo'] = 'first level'
    >>> with c.push(foo='second level'):
    ...     c['foo']
    'second level'
    >>> c['foo']
    'first level'

.. method:: Context.update(other_dict)

In addition to ``push()`` and ``pop()``, the ``Context``
object also defines an ``update()`` method. This works like ``push()``
but takes a dictionary as an argument and pushes that dictionary onto
the stack instead of an empty one.

    >>> c = Context()
    >>> c['foo'] = 'first level'
    >>> c.update({'foo': 'updated'})
    {'foo': 'updated'}
    >>> c['foo']
    'updated'
    >>> c.pop()
    {'foo': 'updated'}
    >>> c['foo']
    'first level'

Like ``push()``, you can use ``update()`` as a context manager to ensure a
matching ``pop()`` is called.

    >>> c = Context()
    >>> c['foo'] = 'first level'
    >>> with c.update({'foo': 'second level'}):
    ...     c['foo']
    'second level'
    >>> c['foo']
    'first level'

Using a ``Context`` as a stack comes in handy in :ref:`some custom template
tags <howto-writing-custom-template-tags>`.

.. method:: Context.flatten()

Using ``flatten()`` method you can get whole ``Context`` stack as one dictionary
including builtin variables.

    >>> c = Context()
    >>> c['foo'] = 'first level'
    >>> c.update({'bar': 'second level'})
    {'bar': 'second level'}
    >>> c.flatten()
    {'True': True, 'None': None, 'foo': 'first level', 'False': False, 'bar': 'second level'}

A ``flatten()`` method is also internally used to make ``Context`` objects comparable.

    >>> c1 = Context()
    >>> c1['foo'] = 'first level'
    >>> c1['bar'] = 'second level'
    >>> c2 = Context()
    >>> c2.update({'bar': 'second level', 'foo': 'first level'})
    {'foo': 'first level', 'bar': 'second level'}
    >>> c1 == c2
    True

Result from ``flatten()`` can be useful in unit tests to compare ``Context``
against ``dict``::

    class ContextTest(unittest.TestCase):
        def test_against_dictionary(self):
            c1 = Context()
            c1['update'] = 'value'
            self.assertEqual(c1.flatten(), {
                'True': True,
                'None': None,
                'False': False,
                'update': 'value',
            })

.. _subclassing-context-requestcontext:

Using ``RequestContext``
------------------------

.. class:: RequestContext(request, dict_=None, processors=None)

Django comes with a special ``Context`` class,
``django.template.RequestContext``, that acts slightly differently from the
normal ``django.template.Context``. The first difference is that it takes an
:class:`~django.http.HttpRequest` as its first argument. For example::

    c = RequestContext(request, {
        'foo': 'bar',
    })

The second difference is that it automatically populates the context with a
few variables, according to the engine's ``context_processors`` configuration
option.

The ``context_processors`` option is a list of callables -- called **context
processors** -- that take a request object as their argument and return a
dictionary of items to be merged into the context. In the default generated
settings file, the default template engine contains the following context
processors::

    [
        'django.template.context_processors.debug',
        'django.template.context_processors.request',
        'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
        'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
    ]

In addition to these, :class:`RequestContext` always enables
``'django.template.context_processors.csrf'``.  This is a security related
context processor required by the admin and other contrib apps, and, in case
of accidental misconfiguration, it is deliberately hardcoded in and cannot be
turned off in the ``context_processors`` option.

Each processor is applied in order. That means, if one processor adds a
variable to the context and a second processor adds a variable with the same
name, the second will override the first. The default processors are explained
below.

.. admonition:: When context processors are applied

    Context processors are applied on top of context data. This means that a
    context processor may overwrite variables you've supplied to your
    :class:`Context` or :class:`RequestContext`, so take care to avoid
    variable names that overlap with those supplied by your context
    processors.

    If you want context data to take priority over context processors, use the
    following pattern::

        from django.template import RequestContext

        request_context = RequestContext(request)
        request_context.push({"my_name": "Adrian"})

    Django does this to allow context data to override context processors in
    APIs such as :func:`~django.shortcuts.render` and
    :class:`~django.template.response.TemplateResponse`.

Also, you can give :class:`RequestContext` a list of additional processors,
using the optional, third positional argument, ``processors``. In this
example, the :class:`RequestContext` instance gets a ``ip_address`` variable::

    from django.http import HttpResponse
    from django.template import RequestContext, Template

    def ip_address_processor(request):
        return {'ip_address': request.META['REMOTE_ADDR']}

    def client_ip_view(request):
        template = Template('{{ title }}: {{ ip_address }}')
        context = RequestContext(request, {
            'title': 'Your IP Address',
        }, [ip_address_processor])
        return HttpResponse(template.render(context))

.. _context-processors:

Built-in template context processors
------------------------------------

Here's what each of the built-in processors does:

.. currentmodule:: django.contrib.auth.context_processors

``django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. function:: auth

If this processor is enabled, every ``RequestContext`` will contain these
variables:

* ``user`` -- An ``auth.User`` instance representing the currently
  logged-in user (or an ``AnonymousUser`` instance, if the client isn't
  logged in).

* ``perms`` -- An instance of
  ``django.contrib.auth.context_processors.PermWrapper``, representing the
  permissions that the currently logged-in user has.

.. currentmodule:: django.template.context_processors

``django.template.context_processors.debug``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. function:: debug

If this processor is enabled, every ``RequestContext`` will contain these two
variables -- but only if your :setting:`DEBUG` setting is set to ``True`` and
the request's IP address (``request.META['REMOTE_ADDR']``) is in the
:setting:`INTERNAL_IPS` setting:

* ``debug`` -- ``True``. You can use this in templates to test whether
  you're in :setting:`DEBUG` mode.
* ``sql_queries`` -- A list of ``{'sql': ..., 'time': ...}`` dictionaries,
  representing every SQL query that has happened so far during the request
  and how long it took. The list is in order by database alias and then by
  query. It's lazily generated on access.

``django.template.context_processors.i18n``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

If this processor is enabled, every ``RequestContext`` will contain these two
variables:

* ``LANGUAGES`` -- The value of the :setting:`LANGUAGES` setting.
* ``LANGUAGE_CODE`` -- ``request.LANGUAGE_CODE``, if it exists. Otherwise,
  the value of the :setting:`LANGUAGE_CODE` setting.

See :doc:`/topics/i18n/index` for more.

``django.template.context_processors.media``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

If this processor is enabled, every ``RequestContext`` will contain a variable
``MEDIA_URL``, providing the value of the :setting:`MEDIA_URL` setting.

``django.template.context_processors.static``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. function:: static

If this processor is enabled, every ``RequestContext`` will contain a variable
``STATIC_URL``, providing the value of the :setting:`STATIC_URL` setting.

``django.template.context_processors.csrf``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

This processor adds a token that is needed by the :ttag:`csrf_token` template
tag for protection against :doc:`Cross Site Request Forgeries
</ref/csrf>`.

``django.template.context_processors.request``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

If this processor is enabled, every ``RequestContext`` will contain a variable
``request``, which is the current :class:`~django.http.HttpRequest`.

``django.template.context_processors.tz``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. function:: tz

If this processor is enabled, every ``RequestContext`` will contain a variable
``TIME_ZONE``, providing the name of the currently active time zone.

``django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

If this processor is enabled, every ``RequestContext`` will contain these two
variables:

* ``messages`` -- A list of messages (as strings) that have been set
  via the :doc:`messages framework </ref/contrib/messages>`.
* ``DEFAULT_MESSAGE_LEVELS`` -- A mapping of the message level names to
  :ref:`their numeric value <message-level-constants>`.

Writing your own context processors
-----------------------------------

A context processor has a very simple interface: It's a Python function
that takes one argument, an :class:`~django.http.HttpRequest` object, and
returns a dictionary that gets added to the template context. Each context
processor *must* return a dictionary.

Custom context processors can live anywhere in your code base. All Django
cares about is that your custom context processors are pointed to by the
``'context_processors'`` option in your :setting:`TEMPLATES` setting — or the
``context_processors`` argument of :class:`~django.template.Engine` if you're
using it directly.

Loading templates
=================

Generally, you'll store templates in files on your filesystem rather than
using the low-level :class:`~django.template.Template` API yourself. Save
templates in a directory specified as a **template directory**.

Django searches for template directories in a number of places, depending on
your template loading settings (see "Loader types" below), but the most basic
way of specifying template directories is by using the :setting:`DIRS
<TEMPLATES-DIRS>` option.

The :setting:`DIRS <TEMPLATES-DIRS>` option
-------------------------------------------

Tell Django what your template directories are by using the :setting:`DIRS
<TEMPLATES-DIRS>` option in the :setting:`TEMPLATES` setting in your settings
file — or the ``dirs`` argument of :class:`~django.template.Engine`. This
should be set to a list of strings that contain full paths to your template
directories::

    TEMPLATES = [
        {
            'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
            'DIRS': [
                '/home/html/templates/lawrence.com',
                '/home/html/templates/default',
            ],
        },
    ]

Your templates can go anywhere you want, as long as the directories and
templates are readable by the Web server. They can have any extension you want,
such as ``.html`` or ``.txt``, or they can have no extension at all.

Note that these paths should use Unix-style forward slashes, even on Windows.

.. _template-loaders:

Loader types
------------

By default, Django uses a filesystem-based template loader, but Django comes
with a few other template loaders, which know how to load templates from other
sources.

Some of these other loaders are disabled by default, but you can activate them
by adding a ``'loaders'`` option to your ``DjangoTemplates`` backend in the
:setting:`TEMPLATES` setting or passing a ``loaders`` argument to
:class:`~django.template.Engine`. ``loaders`` should be a list of strings or
tuples, where each represents a template loader class. Here are the template
loaders that come with Django:

.. currentmodule:: django.template.loaders

``django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader``

.. class:: filesystem.Loader

    Loads templates from the filesystem, according to
    :setting:`DIRS <TEMPLATES-DIRS>`.

    This loader is enabled by default. However it won't find any templates
    until you set :setting:`DIRS <TEMPLATES-DIRS>` to a non-empty list::

        TEMPLATES = [{
            'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
            'DIRS': [os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'templates')],
        }]

    You can also override ``'DIRS'`` and specify specific directories for a
    particular filesystem loader::

        TEMPLATES = [{
            'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
            'OPTIONS': {
                'loaders': [
                    (
                        'django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader',
                        [os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'templates')],
                    ),
                ],
            },
        }]

``django.template.loaders.app_directories.Loader``

.. class:: app_directories.Loader

    Loads templates from Django apps on the filesystem. For each app in
    :setting:`INSTALLED_APPS`, the loader looks for a ``templates``
    subdirectory. If the directory exists, Django looks for templates in there.

    This means you can store templates with your individual apps. This also
    makes it easy to distribute Django apps with default templates.

    For example, for this setting::

        INSTALLED_APPS = ['myproject.polls', 'myproject.music']

    ...then ``get_template('foo.html')`` will look for ``foo.html`` in these
    directories, in this order:

    * ``/path/to/myproject/polls/templates/``
    * ``/path/to/myproject/music/templates/``

    ... and will use the one it finds first.

    The order of :setting:`INSTALLED_APPS` is significant! For example, if you
    want to customize the Django admin, you might choose to override the
    standard ``admin/base_site.html`` template, from ``django.contrib.admin``,
    with your own ``admin/base_site.html`` in ``myproject.polls``. You must
    then make sure that your ``myproject.polls`` comes *before*
    ``django.contrib.admin`` in :setting:`INSTALLED_APPS`, otherwise
    ``django.contrib.admin``’s will be loaded first and yours will be ignored.

    Note that the loader performs an optimization when it first runs:
    it caches a list of which :setting:`INSTALLED_APPS` packages have a
    ``templates`` subdirectory.

    You can enable this loader simply by setting
    :setting:`APP_DIRS <TEMPLATES-APP_DIRS>` to ``True``::

        TEMPLATES = [{
            'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
            'APP_DIRS': True,
        }]

``django.template.loaders.cached.Loader``

.. class:: cached.Loader

    By default (when :setting:`DEBUG` is ``True``), the template system reads
    and compiles your templates every time they're rendered. While the Django
    template system is quite fast, the overhead from reading and compiling
    templates can add up.

    You configure the cached template loader with a list of other loaders that
    it should wrap. The wrapped loaders are used to locate unknown templates
    when they're first encountered. The cached loader then stores the compiled
    ``Template`` in memory. The cached ``Template`` instance is returned for
    subsequent requests to load the same template.

    This loader is automatically enabled if :setting:`OPTIONS['loaders']
    <TEMPLATES-OPTIONS>` isn't specified and :setting:`OPTIONS['debug']
    <TEMPLATES-OPTIONS>` is ``False`` (the latter option defaults to the value
    of :setting:`DEBUG`).

    You can also enable template caching with some custom template loaders
    using settings like this::

        TEMPLATES = [{
            'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
            'DIRS': [os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'templates')],
            'OPTIONS': {
                'loaders': [
                    ('django.template.loaders.cached.Loader', [
                        'django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader',
                        'django.template.loaders.app_directories.Loader',
                        'path.to.custom.Loader',
                    ]),
                ],
            },
        }]

    .. note::

        All of the built-in Django template tags are safe to use with the
        cached loader, but if you're using custom template tags that come from
        third party packages, or that you wrote yourself, you should ensure
        that the ``Node`` implementation for each tag is thread-safe. For more
        information, see :ref:`template tag thread safety considerations
        <template_tag_thread_safety>`.

``django.template.loaders.locmem.Loader``

.. class:: locmem.Loader

    Loads templates from a Python dictionary. This is useful for testing.

    This loader takes a dictionary of templates as its first argument::

        TEMPLATES = [{
            'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
            'OPTIONS': {
                'loaders': [
                    ('django.template.loaders.locmem.Loader', {
                        'index.html': 'content here',
                    }),
                ],
            },
        }]

    This loader is disabled by default.

Django uses the template loaders in order according to the ``'loaders'``
option. It uses each loader until a loader finds a match.

.. _custom-template-loaders:

.. currentmodule:: django.template.loaders.base

Custom loaders
==============

It's possible to load templates from additional sources using custom template
loaders. Custom ``Loader`` classes should inherit from
``django.template.loaders.base.Loader`` and define the ``get_contents()`` and
``get_template_sources()`` methods.

Loader methods
--------------

.. class:: Loader

    Loads templates from a given source, such as the filesystem or a database.

    .. method:: get_template_sources(template_name)

        A method that takes a ``template_name`` and yields
        :class:`~django.template.base.Origin` instances for each possible
        source.

        For example, the filesystem loader may receive ``'index.html'`` as a
        ``template_name`` argument.  This method would yield origins for the
        full path of ``index.html`` as it appears in each template directory
        the loader looks at.

        The method doesn't need to verify that the template exists at a given
        path, but it should ensure the path is valid. For instance, the
        filesystem loader makes sure the path lies under a valid template
        directory.

    .. method:: get_contents(origin)

        Returns the contents for a template given a
        :class:`~django.template.base.Origin` instance.

        This is where a filesystem loader would read contents from the
        filesystem, or a database loader would read from the database. If a
        matching template doesn't exist, this should raise a
        :exc:`~django.template.TemplateDoesNotExist` error.

    .. method:: get_template(template_name, skip=None)

        Returns a ``Template`` object for a given ``template_name`` by looping
        through results from :meth:`get_template_sources` and calling
        :meth:`get_contents`. This returns the first matching template. If no
        template is found, :exc:`~django.template.TemplateDoesNotExist` is
        raised.

        The optional ``skip`` argument is a list of origins to ignore when
        extending templates. This allow templates to extend other templates of
        the same name. It also used to avoid recursion errors.

        In general, it is enough to define :meth:`get_template_sources` and
        :meth:`get_contents` for custom template loaders. ``get_template()``
        will usually not need to be overridden.

.. admonition:: Building your own

    For examples, `read the source code for Django's built-in loaders`_.

.. _read the source code for Django's built-in loaders: https://github.com/django/django/tree/master/django/template/loaders

.. currentmodule:: django.template.base

Template origin
===============

Templates have an ``origin`` containing attributes depending on the source
they are loaded from.

.. class:: Origin(name, template_name=None, loader=None)

    .. attribute:: name

        The path to the template as returned by the template loader.
        For loaders that read from the file system, this is the full
        path to the template.

        If the template is instantiated directly rather than through a
        template loader, this is a string value of ``<unknown_source>``.

    .. attribute:: template_name

        The relative path to the template as passed into the
        template loader.

        If the template is instantiated directly rather than through a
        template loader, this is ``None``.

    .. attribute:: loader

        The template loader instance that constructed this ``Origin``.

        If the template is instantiated directly rather than through a
        template loader, this is ``None``.

        :class:`django.template.loaders.cached.Loader` requires all of its
        wrapped loaders to set this attribute, typically by instantiating
        the ``Origin`` with ``loader=self``.
