=========================
GeoQuerySet API Reference
=========================

.. currentmodule:: django.contrib.gis.db.models

.. class:: GeoQuerySet(model=None)

.. _spatial-lookups:

Spatial Lookups
===============

The spatial lookups in this section are available for :class:`GeometryField`
and :class:`RasterField`.

For an introduction, see the :ref:`spatial lookups introduction
<spatial-lookups-intro>`.  For an overview of what lookups are
compatible with a particular spatial backend, refer to the
:ref:`spatial lookup compatibility table <spatial-lookup-compatibility>`.

.. versionchanged:: 1.10

    Spatial lookups now support raster input.

Lookups with rasters
--------------------

All examples in the reference below are given for geometry fields and inputs,
but the lookups can be used the same way with rasters on both sides. Whenever
a lookup doesn't support raster input, the input is automatically
converted to a geometry where necessary using the `ST_Polygon
<http://postgis.net/docs/RT_ST_Polygon.html>`_ function. See also the
:ref:`introduction to raster lookups <spatial-lookup-raster>`.

The database operators used by the lookups can be divided into three categories:

- Native raster support ``N``: the operator accepts rasters natively on both
  sides of the lookup, and raster input can be mixed with geometry inputs.

- Bilateral raster support ``B``: the operator supports rasters only if both
  sides of the lookup receive raster inputs. Raster data is automatically
  converted to geometries for mixed lookups.

- Geometry conversion support ``C``. The lookup does not have native raster
  support, all raster data is automatically converted to geometries.

The examples below show the SQL equivalent for the lookups in the different
types of raster support. The same pattern applies to all spatial lookups.

==== ============================== =======================================================
Case Lookup                         SQL Equivalent
==== ============================== =======================================================
N, B ``rast__contains=rst``         ``ST_Contains(rast, rst)``
N, B ``rast__1__contains=(rst, 2)`` ``ST_Contains(rast, 1, rst, 2)``
B, C ``rast__contains=geom``        ``ST_Contains(ST_Polygon(rast), geom)``
B, C ``rast__1__contains=geom``     ``ST_Contains(ST_Polygon(rast, 1), geom)``
B, C ``poly__contains=rst``         ``ST_Contains(poly, ST_Polygon(rst))``
B, C ``poly__contains=(rst, 1)``    ``ST_Contains(poly, ST_Polygon(rst, 1))``
C    ``rast__crosses=rst``          ``ST_Crosses(ST_Polygon(rast), ST_Polygon(rst))``
C    ``rast__1__crosses=(rst, 2)``  ``ST_Crosses(ST_Polygon(rast, 1), ST_Polygon(rst, 2))``
C    ``rast__crosses=geom``         ``ST_Crosses(ST_Polygon(rast), geom)``
C    ``poly__crosses=rst``          ``ST_Crosses(poly, ST_Polygon(rst))``
==== ============================== =======================================================

Spatial lookups with rasters are only supported for PostGIS backends
(denominated as PGRaster in this section).

.. fieldlookup:: bbcontains

``bbcontains``
--------------

*Availability*: PostGIS, MySQL, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Native)

Tests if the geometry or raster field's bounding box completely contains the
lookup geometry's bounding box.

Example::

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__bbcontains=geom)

==========  ==========================
Backend     SQL Equivalent
==========  ==========================
PostGIS     ``poly ~ geom``
MySQL       ``MBRContains(poly, geom)``
SpatiaLite  ``MbrContains(poly, geom)``
==========  ==========================

.. fieldlookup:: bboverlaps

``bboverlaps``
--------------

*Availability*: PostGIS, MySQL, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Native)

Tests if the geometry field's bounding box overlaps the lookup geometry's
bounding box.

Example::

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__bboverlaps=geom)

==========  ==========================
Backend     SQL Equivalent
==========  ==========================
PostGIS     ``poly && geom``
MySQL       ``MBROverlaps(poly, geom)``
SpatiaLite  ``MbrOverlaps(poly, geom)``
==========  ==========================

.. fieldlookup:: contained

``contained``
-------------

*Availability*: PostGIS, MySQL, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Native)

Tests if the geometry field's bounding box is completely contained by the
lookup geometry's bounding box.

Example::

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__contained=geom)

==========  ==========================
Backend     SQL Equivalent
==========  ==========================
PostGIS     ``poly @ geom``
MySQL       ``MBRWithin(poly, geom)``
SpatiaLite  ``MbrWithin(poly, geom)``
==========  ==========================

.. fieldlookup:: gis-contains

``contains``
------------

*Availability*: PostGIS, Oracle, MySQL, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Bilateral)

Tests if the geometry field spatially contains the lookup geometry.

Example::

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__contains=geom)

==========  ============================
Backend     SQL Equivalent
==========  ============================
PostGIS     ``ST_Contains(poly, geom)``
Oracle      ``SDO_CONTAINS(poly, geom)``
MySQL       ``MBRContains(poly, geom)``
SpatiaLite  ``Contains(poly, geom)``
==========  ============================

.. fieldlookup:: contains_properly

``contains_properly``
---------------------

*Availability*: PostGIS, PGRaster (Bilateral)

Returns true if the lookup geometry intersects the interior of the
geometry field, but not the boundary (or exterior). [#fncontainsproperly]_

Example::

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__contains_properly=geom)

==========  ===================================
Backend     SQL Equivalent
==========  ===================================
PostGIS     ``ST_ContainsProperly(poly, geom)``
==========  ===================================

.. fieldlookup:: coveredby

``coveredby``
-------------

*Availability*: PostGIS, Oracle, PGRaster (Bilateral)

Tests if no point in the geometry field is outside the lookup geometry.
[#fncovers]_

Example::

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__coveredby=geom)

==========  =============================
Backend     SQL Equivalent
==========  =============================
PostGIS     ``ST_CoveredBy(poly, geom)``
Oracle      ``SDO_COVEREDBY(poly, geom)``
==========  =============================

.. fieldlookup:: covers

``covers``
----------

*Availability*: PostGIS, Oracle, PGRaster (Bilateral)

Tests if no point in the lookup geometry is outside the geometry field.
[#fncovers]_

Example::

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__covers=geom)

==========  ==========================
Backend     SQL Equivalent
==========  ==========================
PostGIS     ``ST_Covers(poly, geom)``
Oracle      ``SDO_COVERS(poly, geom)``
==========  ==========================

.. fieldlookup:: crosses

``crosses``
-----------

*Availability*: PostGIS, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Conversion)

Tests if the geometry field spatially crosses the lookup geometry.

Example::

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__crosses=geom)

==========  ==========================
Backend     SQL Equivalent
==========  ==========================
PostGIS     ``ST_Crosses(poly, geom)``
SpatiaLite  ``Crosses(poly, geom)``
==========  ==========================

.. fieldlookup:: disjoint

``disjoint``
------------

*Availability*: PostGIS, Oracle, MySQL, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Bilateral)

Tests if the geometry field is spatially disjoint from the lookup geometry.

Example::

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__disjoint=geom)

==========  =================================================
Backend     SQL Equivalent
==========  =================================================
PostGIS     ``ST_Disjoint(poly, geom)``
Oracle      ``SDO_GEOM.RELATE(poly, 'DISJOINT', geom, 0.05)``
MySQL       ``MBRDisjoint(poly, geom)``
SpatiaLite  ``Disjoint(poly, geom)``
==========  =================================================

.. fieldlookup:: equals

``equals``
----------

*Availability*: PostGIS, Oracle, MySQL, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Conversion)

.. fieldlookup:: exact
.. fieldlookup:: same_as

``exact``, ``same_as``
----------------------

*Availability*: PostGIS, Oracle, MySQL, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Bilateral)

.. fieldlookup:: intersects

``intersects``
--------------

*Availability*: PostGIS, Oracle, MySQL, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Bilateral)

Tests if the geometry field spatially intersects the lookup geometry.

Example::

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__intersects=geom)

==========  =================================================
Backend     SQL Equivalent
==========  =================================================
PostGIS     ``ST_Intersects(poly, geom)``
Oracle      ``SDO_OVERLAPBDYINTERSECT(poly, geom)``
MySQL       ``MBRIntersects(poly, geom)``
SpatiaLite  ``Intersects(poly, geom)``
==========  =================================================

.. fieldlookup:: isvalid

``isvalid``
-----------

.. versionadded:: 1.10

*Availability*: PostGIS

Tests if the geometry is valid.

Example::

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__isvalid=True)

PostGIS equivalent::

    SELECT ... WHERE ST_IsValid(poly)

.. fieldlookup:: overlaps

``overlaps``
------------

*Availability*: PostGIS, Oracle, MySQL, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Bilateral)

.. fieldlookup:: relate

``relate``
----------

*Availability*: PostGIS, Oracle, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Conversion)

Tests if the geometry field is spatially related to the lookup geometry by
the values given in the given pattern.  This lookup requires a tuple parameter,
``(geom, pattern)``; the form of ``pattern`` will depend on the spatial backend:

PostGIS & SpatiaLite
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
On these spatial backends the intersection pattern is a string comprising
nine characters, which  define intersections between  the interior, boundary,
and exterior of the geometry field and the lookup geometry.
The intersection pattern matrix may only use the following characters:
``1``, ``2``, ``T``, ``F``, or ``*``.  This lookup type allows users to "fine tune"
a specific geometric relationship consistent with the DE-9IM model. [#fnde9im]_

Geometry example::

    # A tuple lookup parameter is used to specify the geometry and
    # the intersection pattern (the pattern here is for 'contains').
    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__relate=(geom, 'T*T***FF*'))

PostGIS SQL equivalent::

    SELECT ... WHERE ST_Relate(poly, geom, 'T*T***FF*')

SpatiaLite SQL equivalent::

    SELECT ... WHERE Relate(poly, geom, 'T*T***FF*')

Raster example::

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__relate=(rast, 1, 'T*T***FF*'))
    Zipcode.objects.filter(rast__2__relate=(rast, 1, 'T*T***FF*'))

PostGIS SQL equivalent::

    SELECT ... WHERE ST_Relate(poly, ST_Polygon(rast, 1), 'T*T***FF*')
    SELECT ... WHERE ST_Relate(ST_Polygon(rast, 2), ST_Polygon(rast, 1), 'T*T***FF*')

Oracle
~~~~~~

Here the relation pattern is comprised of at least one of the nine relation
strings: ``TOUCH``, ``OVERLAPBDYDISJOINT``, ``OVERLAPBDYINTERSECT``,
``EQUAL``, ``INSIDE``, ``COVEREDBY``, ``CONTAINS``, ``COVERS``, ``ON``, and
``ANYINTERACT``.   Multiple strings may be combined with the logical Boolean
operator OR, for example, ``'inside+touch'``. [#fnsdorelate]_  The relation
strings are case-insensitive.

Example::

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__relate=(geom, 'anyinteract'))

Oracle SQL equivalent::

    SELECT ... WHERE SDO_RELATE(poly, geom, 'anyinteract')

.. fieldlookup:: touches

``touches``
-----------

*Availability*: PostGIS, Oracle, MySQL, SpatiaLite

Tests if the geometry field spatially touches the lookup geometry.

Example::

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__touches=geom)

==========  ==========================
Backend     SQL Equivalent
==========  ==========================
PostGIS     ``ST_Touches(poly, geom)``
MySQL       ``MBRTouches(poly, geom)``
Oracle      ``SDO_TOUCH(poly, geom)``
SpatiaLite  ``Touches(poly, geom)``
==========  ==========================

.. fieldlookup:: within

``within``
----------

*Availability*: PostGIS, Oracle, MySQL, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Bilateral)

Tests if the geometry field is spatially within the lookup geometry.

Example::

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__within=geom)

==========  ==========================
Backend     SQL Equivalent
==========  ==========================
PostGIS     ``ST_Within(poly, geom)``
MySQL       ``MBRWithin(poly, geom)``
Oracle      ``SDO_INSIDE(poly, geom)``
SpatiaLite  ``Within(poly, geom)``
==========  ==========================

.. fieldlookup:: left

``left``
--------

*Availability*: PostGIS, PGRaster (Conversion)

Tests if the geometry field's bounding box is strictly to the left of the
lookup geometry's bounding box.

Example::

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__left=geom)

PostGIS equivalent::

    SELECT ... WHERE poly << geom

.. fieldlookup:: right

``right``
---------

*Availability*: PostGIS, PGRaster (Conversion)

Tests if the geometry field's bounding box is strictly to the right of the
lookup geometry's bounding box.

Example::

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__right=geom)

PostGIS equivalent::

    SELECT ... WHERE poly >> geom

.. fieldlookup:: overlaps_left

``overlaps_left``
-----------------

*Availability*: PostGIS, PGRaster (Bilateral)

Tests if the geometry field's bounding box overlaps or is to the left of the lookup
geometry's bounding box.

Example::

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__overlaps_left=geom)

PostGIS equivalent::

    SELECT ... WHERE poly &< geom


.. fieldlookup:: overlaps_right

``overlaps_right``
------------------

*Availability*: PostGIS, PGRaster (Bilateral)

Tests if the geometry field's bounding box overlaps or is to the right of the lookup
geometry's bounding box.

Example::

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__overlaps_right=geom)

PostGIS equivalent::

    SELECT ... WHERE poly &> geom

.. fieldlookup:: overlaps_above

``overlaps_above``
------------------

*Availability*: PostGIS, PGRaster (Conversion)

Tests if the geometry field's bounding box overlaps or is above the lookup
geometry's bounding box.

Example::

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__overlaps_above=geom)

PostGIS equivalent::

    SELECT ... WHERE poly |&> geom

.. fieldlookup:: overlaps_below

``overlaps_below``
------------------

*Availability*: PostGIS, PGRaster (Conversion)

Tests if the geometry field's bounding box overlaps or is below the lookup
geometry's bounding box.

Example::

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__overlaps_below=geom)

PostGIS equivalent::

    SELECT ... WHERE poly &<| geom

.. fieldlookup:: strictly_above

``strictly_above``
------------------

*Availability*: PostGIS, PGRaster (Conversion)

Tests if the geometry field's bounding box is strictly above the lookup
geometry's bounding box.

Example::

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__strictly_above=geom)

PostGIS equivalent::

    SELECT ... WHERE poly |>> geom

.. fieldlookup:: strictly_below

``strictly_below``
------------------

*Availability*: PostGIS, PGRaster (Conversion)

Tests if the geometry field's bounding box is strictly below the lookup
geometry's bounding box.

Example::

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__strictly_below=geom)

PostGIS equivalent::

    SELECT ... WHERE poly <<| geom


.. _distance-lookups:

Distance Lookups
================

*Availability*: PostGIS, Oracle, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Native)

For an overview on performing distance queries, please refer to
the :ref:`distance queries introduction <distance-queries>`.

Distance lookups take the following form::

    <field>__<distance lookup>=(<geometry/raster>, <distance value>[, 'spheroid'])
    <field>__<distance lookup>=(<raster>, <band_index>, <distance value>[, 'spheroid'])
    <field>__<band_index>__<distance lookup>=(<raster>, <band_index>, <distance value>[, 'spheroid'])

The value passed into a distance lookup is a tuple; the first two
values are mandatory, and are the geometry to calculate distances to,
and a distance value (either a number in units of the field, a
:class:`~django.contrib.gis.measure.Distance` object, or a `query expression
<ref/models/expressions>`). To pass a band index to the lookup, use a 3-tuple
where the second entry is the band index.

With PostGIS, on every distance lookup but :lookup:`dwithin`, an optional
element, ``'spheroid'``, may be included to tell GeoDjango to use the more
accurate spheroid distance calculation functions on fields with a geodetic
coordinate system (e.g., ``ST_Distance_Spheroid`` would be used instead of
``ST_Distance_Sphere``). The simpler ``ST_Distance`` function is used with
projected coordinate systems. Rasters are converted to geometries for spheroid
based lookups.

.. versionadded:: 1.10

    The ability to pass an expression as the distance value was added.

.. fieldlookup:: distance_gt

``distance_gt``
---------------

Returns models where the distance to the geometry field from the lookup
geometry is greater than the given distance value.

Example::

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__distance_gt=(geom, D(m=5)))

==========  ==================================================
Backend     SQL Equivalent
==========  ==================================================
PostGIS     ``ST_Distance/ST_Distance_Sphere(poly, geom) > 5``
Oracle      ``SDO_GEOM.SDO_DISTANCE(poly, geom, 0.05) > 5``
SpatiaLite  ``Distance(poly, geom) > 5``
==========  ==================================================

.. fieldlookup:: distance_gte

``distance_gte``
----------------

Returns models where the distance to the geometry field from the lookup
geometry is greater than or equal to the given distance value.

Example::

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__distance_gte=(geom, D(m=5)))

==========  ===================================================
Backend     SQL Equivalent
==========  ===================================================
PostGIS     ``ST_Distance/ST_Distance_Sphere(poly, geom) >= 5``
Oracle      ``SDO_GEOM.SDO_DISTANCE(poly, geom, 0.05) >= 5``
SpatiaLite  ``Distance(poly, geom) >= 5``
==========  ===================================================

.. fieldlookup:: distance_lt

``distance_lt``
---------------

Returns models where the distance to the geometry field from the lookup
geometry is less than the given distance value.

Example::

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__distance_lt=(geom, D(m=5)))

==========  ==================================================
Backend     SQL Equivalent
==========  ==================================================
PostGIS     ``ST_Distance/ST_Distance_Sphere(poly, geom) < 5``
Oracle      ``SDO_GEOM.SDO_DISTANCE(poly, geom, 0.05) < 5``
SpatiaLite  ``Distance(poly, geom) < 5``
==========  ==================================================

.. fieldlookup:: distance_lte

``distance_lte``
----------------

Returns models where the distance to the geometry field from the lookup
geometry is less than or equal to the given distance value.

Example::

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__distance_lte=(geom, D(m=5)))

==========  ===================================================
Backend     SQL Equivalent
==========  ===================================================
PostGIS     ``ST_Distance/ST_Distance_Sphere(poly, geom) <= 5``
Oracle      ``SDO_GEOM.SDO_DISTANCE(poly, geom, 0.05) <= 5``
SpatiaLite  ``Distance(poly, geom) <= 5``
==========  ===================================================

.. fieldlookup:: dwithin

``dwithin``
-----------

Returns models where the distance to the geometry field from the lookup
geometry are within the given distance from one another. Note that you can only
provide :class:`~django.contrib.gis.measure.Distance` objects if the targeted
geometries are in a projected system. For geographic geometries, you should use
units of the geometry field (e.g. degrees for ``WGS84``) .

Example::

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__dwithin=(geom, D(m=5)))

==========  ======================================
Backend     SQL Equivalent
==========  ======================================
PostGIS     ``ST_DWithin(poly, geom, 5)``
Oracle      ``SDO_WITHIN_DISTANCE(poly, geom, 5)``
==========  ======================================

.. note::

    This lookup is not available on SpatiaLite.

.. _geoqueryset-methods:

``GeoQuerySet`` Methods
=======================

.. deprecated:: 1.9

    Using ``GeoQuerySet`` methods is now deprecated in favor of the new
    :doc:`functions`. Albeit a little more verbose, they are much more powerful
    in how it is possible to combine them to build more complex queries.

``GeoQuerySet`` methods specify that a spatial operation be performed
on each spatial operation on each geographic
field in the queryset and store its output in a new attribute on the model
(which is generally the name of the ``GeoQuerySet`` method).

There are also aggregate ``GeoQuerySet`` methods which return a single value
instead of a queryset.  This section will describe the API and availability
of every ``GeoQuerySet`` method available in GeoDjango.

.. note::

    What methods are available depend on your spatial backend.  See
    the :ref:`compatibility table <database-functions-compatibility>`
    for more details.

With a few exceptions, the following keyword arguments may be used with all
``GeoQuerySet`` methods:

=====================  =====================================================
Keyword Argument       Description
=====================  =====================================================
``field_name``         By default, ``GeoQuerySet`` methods use the first
                       geographic field encountered in the model.  This
                       keyword should be used to specify another
                       geographic field (e.g., ``field_name='point2'``)
                       when there are multiple geographic fields in a model.

                       On PostGIS, the ``field_name`` keyword may also be
                       used on geometry fields in models that are related
                       via a ``ForeignKey`` relation (e.g.,
                       ``field_name='related__point'``).

``model_att``          By default, ``GeoQuerySet`` methods typically attach
                       their output in an attribute with the same name as
                       the ``GeoQuerySet`` method.  Setting this keyword
                       with the desired attribute name will override this
                       default behavior.  For example,
                       ``qs = Zipcode.objects.centroid(model_att='c')`` will
                       attach the centroid of the ``Zipcode`` geometry field
                       in a ``c`` attribute on every model rather than in a
                       ``centroid`` attribute.

                       This keyword is required if
                       a method name clashes with an existing
                       ``GeoQuerySet`` method -- if you wanted to use the
                       ``area()`` method on model with a ``PolygonField``
                       named ``area``, for example.
=====================  =====================================================

Measurement
-----------
*Availability*: PostGIS, Oracle, SpatiaLite

``area``
~~~~~~~~

.. method:: GeoQuerySet.area(**kwargs)

.. deprecated:: 1.9

    Use the :class:`~django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Area` function
    instead.

Returns the area of the geographic field in an ``area`` attribute on
each element of this GeoQuerySet.

``distance``
~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. method:: GeoQuerySet.distance(geom, **kwargs)

.. deprecated:: 1.9

    Use the :class:`~django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Distance` function
    instead.

This method takes a geometry as a parameter, and attaches a ``distance``
attribute to every model in the returned queryset that contains the
distance (as a :class:`~django.contrib.gis.measure.Distance` object) to the given geometry.

In the following example (taken from the `GeoDjango distance tests`__),
the distance from the `Tasmanian`__ city of Hobart to every other
:class:`PointField` in the ``AustraliaCity`` queryset is calculated::

    >>> pnt = AustraliaCity.objects.get(name='Hobart').point
    >>> for city in AustraliaCity.objects.distance(pnt): print(city.name, city.distance)
    Wollongong 990071.220408 m
    Shellharbour 972804.613941 m
    Thirroul 1002334.36351 m
    Mittagong 975691.632637 m
    Batemans Bay 834342.185561 m
    Canberra 598140.268959 m
    Melbourne 575337.765042 m
    Sydney 1056978.87363 m
    Hobart 0.0 m
    Adelaide 1162031.83522 m
    Hillsdale 1049200.46122 m

.. note::

    Because the ``distance`` attribute is a
    :class:`~django.contrib.gis.measure.Distance` object, you can easily express
    the value in the units of your choice.  For example, ``city.distance.mi`` is
    the distance value in miles and ``city.distance.km`` is the distance value
    in kilometers.  See :doc:`measure` for usage details and the list of
    :ref:`supported_units`.

__ https://github.com/django/django/blob/master/tests/gis_tests/distapp/models.py
__ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania

``length``
~~~~~~~~~~

.. method:: GeoQuerySet.length(**kwargs)

.. deprecated:: 1.9

    Use the :class:`~django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Length` function
    instead.

Returns the length of the geometry field in a ``length`` attribute
(a :class:`~django.contrib.gis.measure.Distance` object) on each model in
the queryset.

``perimeter``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. method:: GeoQuerySet.perimeter(**kwargs)

.. deprecated:: 1.9

    Use the :class:`~django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Perimeter` function
    instead.

Returns the perimeter of the geometry field in a ``perimeter`` attribute
(a :class:`~django.contrib.gis.measure.Distance` object) on each model in
the queryset.

Geometry Relationships
----------------------

The following methods take no arguments, and attach geometry objects
each element of the :class:`GeoQuerySet` that is the result of relationship
function evaluated on the geometry field.

``centroid``
~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. method:: GeoQuerySet.centroid(**kwargs)

.. deprecated:: 1.9

    Use the :class:`~django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Centroid` function
    instead.

*Availability*: PostGIS, Oracle, SpatiaLite

Returns the ``centroid`` value for the geographic field in a ``centroid``
attribute on each element of the ``GeoQuerySet``.

``envelope``
~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. method:: GeoQuerySet.envelope(**kwargs)

.. deprecated:: 1.9

    Use the :class:`~django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Envelope` function
    instead.

*Availability*: PostGIS, SpatiaLite

Returns a geometry representing the bounding box of the geometry field in
an ``envelope`` attribute on each element of the ``GeoQuerySet``.

``point_on_surface``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. method:: GeoQuerySet.point_on_surface(**kwargs)

.. deprecated:: 1.9

    Use the :class:`~django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.PointOnSurface`
    function instead.

*Availability*: PostGIS, Oracle, SpatiaLite

Returns a Point geometry guaranteed to lie on the surface of the
geometry field in a ``point_on_surface`` attribute on each element
of the queryset; otherwise sets with None.

Geometry Editors
----------------

``force_rhr``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. method:: GeoQuerySet.force_rhr(**kwargs)

.. deprecated:: 1.9

    Use the :class:`~django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.ForceRHR` function
    instead.

*Availability*: PostGIS

Returns a modified version of the polygon/multipolygon in which all
of the vertices follow the Right-Hand-Rule, and attaches as a
``force_rhr`` attribute on each element of the queryset.

``reverse_geom``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. method:: GeoQuerySet.reverse_geom(**kwargs)

.. deprecated:: 1.9

    Use the :class:`~django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Reverse` function
    instead.

*Availability*: PostGIS, Oracle

Reverse the coordinate order of the geometry field, and attaches as a
``reverse`` attribute on each element of the queryset.

``scale``
~~~~~~~~~

.. method:: GeoQuerySet.scale(x, y, z=0.0, **kwargs)

.. deprecated:: 1.9

    Use the :class:`~django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Scale` function
    instead.

*Availability*: PostGIS, SpatiaLite

``snap_to_grid``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. method:: GeoQuerySet.snap_to_grid(*args, **kwargs)

.. deprecated:: 1.9

    Use the :class:`~django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.SnapToGrid` function
    instead.

Snap all points of the input geometry to the grid.  How the
geometry is snapped to the grid depends on how many numeric
(either float, integer, or long) arguments are given.

===================  =====================================================
Number of Arguments  Description
===================  =====================================================
1                    A single size to snap bot the X and Y grids to.
2                    X and Y sizes to snap the grid to.
4                    X, Y sizes and the corresponding X, Y origins.
===================  =====================================================

``transform``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. method:: GeoQuerySet.transform(srid=4326, **kwargs)

.. deprecated:: 1.9

    Use the :class:`~django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Transform` function
    instead.

*Availability*: PostGIS, Oracle, SpatiaLite

The ``transform`` method transforms the geometry field of a model to the spatial
reference system specified by the ``srid`` parameter.  If no ``srid`` is given,
then 4326 (WGS84) is used by default.

.. note::

    Unlike other ``GeoQuerySet`` methods, ``transform`` stores its output
    "in-place".  In other words, no new attribute for the transformed
    geometry is placed on the models.

.. note::

    What spatial reference system an integer SRID corresponds to may depend on
    the spatial database used.  In other words, the SRID numbers used for Oracle
    are not necessarily the same as those used by PostGIS.

Example::

    >>> qs = Zipcode.objects.all().transform() # Transforms to WGS84
    >>> qs = Zipcode.objects.all().transform(32140) # Transforming to "NAD83 / Texas South Central"
    >>> print(qs[0].poly.srid)
    32140
    >>> print(qs[0].poly)
    POLYGON ((234055.1698884720099159 4937796.9232223574072123 ...

``translate``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. method:: GeoQuerySet.translate(x, y, z=0.0, **kwargs)

.. deprecated:: 1.9

    Use the :class:`~django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Translate` function
    instead.

*Availability*: PostGIS, SpatiaLite

Translates the geometry field to a new location using the given numeric
parameters as offsets.

Geometry Operations
-------------------
*Availability*: PostGIS, Oracle, SpatiaLite

The following methods all take a geometry as a parameter and attach a geometry
to each element of the ``GeoQuerySet`` that is the result of the operation.

``difference``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. method:: GeoQuerySet.difference(geom)

.. deprecated:: 1.9

    Use the :class:`~django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Difference` function
    instead.

Returns the spatial difference of the geographic field with the given
geometry in a ``difference`` attribute on each element of the
``GeoQuerySet``.


``intersection``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. method:: GeoQuerySet.intersection(geom)

.. deprecated:: 1.9

    Use the :class:`~django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Intersection`
    function instead.

Returns the spatial intersection of the geographic field with the
given geometry in an ``intersection`` attribute on each element of the
``GeoQuerySet``.

``sym_difference``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. method:: GeoQuerySet.sym_difference(geom)

.. deprecated:: 1.9

    Use the :class:`~django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.SymDifference`
    function instead.

Returns the symmetric difference of the geographic field with the
given geometry in a ``sym_difference`` attribute on each element of the
``GeoQuerySet``.

``union``
~~~~~~~~~

.. method:: GeoQuerySet.union(geom)

.. deprecated:: 1.9

    Use the :class:`~django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.Union` function
    instead.

Returns the union of the geographic field with the given
geometry in an ``union`` attribute on each element of the
``GeoQuerySet``.

Geometry Output
---------------

The following ``GeoQuerySet`` methods will return an attribute that has the value
of the geometry field in each model converted to the requested output format.

``geohash``
~~~~~~~~~~~

.. method:: GeoQuerySet.geohash(precision=20, **kwargs)

.. deprecated:: 1.9

    Use the :class:`~django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.GeoHash` function
    instead.

Attaches a ``geohash`` attribute to every model the queryset
containing the `GeoHash`__ representation of the geometry.

__ http://geohash.org/

``geojson``
~~~~~~~~~~~

.. method:: GeoQuerySet.geojson(**kwargs)

.. deprecated:: 1.9

    Use the :class:`~django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.AsGeoJSON` function
    instead.

*Availability*: PostGIS, SpatiaLite

Attaches a ``geojson`` attribute to every model in the queryset that contains the
`GeoJSON`__ representation of the geometry.

=====================  =====================================================
Keyword Argument       Description
=====================  =====================================================
``precision``          It may be used to specify the number of significant
                       digits for the coordinates in the GeoJSON
                       representation -- the default value is 8.

``crs``                Set this to ``True`` if you want the coordinate
                       reference system to be included in the returned
                       GeoJSON.

``bbox``               Set this to ``True`` if you want the bounding box
                       to be included in the returned GeoJSON.
=====================  =====================================================

__ http://geojson.org/

``gml``
~~~~~~~

.. method:: GeoQuerySet.gml(**kwargs)

.. deprecated:: 1.9

    Use the :class:`~django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.AsGML` function
    instead.

*Availability*: PostGIS, Oracle, SpatiaLite

Attaches a ``gml`` attribute to every model in the queryset that contains the
`Geographic Markup Language (GML)`__ representation of the geometry.

Example::

    >>> qs = Zipcode.objects.all().gml()
    >>> print(qs[0].gml)
    <gml:Polygon srsName="EPSG:4326"><gml:OuterBoundaryIs>-147.78711,70.245363 ...  -147.78711,70.245363</gml:OuterBoundaryIs></gml:Polygon>

=====================  =====================================================
Keyword Argument       Description
=====================  =====================================================
``precision``          This keyword is for PostGIS only.  It may be used
                       to specify the number of significant digits for the
                       coordinates in the GML representation -- the default
                       value is 8.

``version``            This keyword is for PostGIS only.  It may be used to
                       specify the GML version used, and may only be values
                       of 2 or 3.  The default value is 2.
=====================  =====================================================

__ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_Markup_Language

``kml``
~~~~~~~

.. method:: GeoQuerySet.kml(**kwargs)

.. deprecated:: 1.9

    Use the :class:`~django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.AsKML` function
    instead.

*Availability*: PostGIS, SpatiaLite

Attaches a ``kml`` attribute to every model in the queryset that contains the
`Keyhole Markup Language (KML)`__ representation of the geometry fields. It
should be noted that the contents of the KML are transformed to WGS84 if
necessary.

Example::

    >>> qs = Zipcode.objects.all().kml()
    >>> print(qs[0].kml)
    <Polygon><outerBoundaryIs><LinearRing><coordinates>-103.04135,36.217596,0 ... -103.04135,36.217596,0</coordinates></LinearRing></outerBoundaryIs></Polygon>

=====================  =====================================================
Keyword Argument       Description
=====================  =====================================================
``precision``          This keyword may be used to specify the number of
                       significant digits for the coordinates in the KML
                       representation -- the default value is 8.
=====================  =====================================================

__ https://developers.google.com/kml/documentation/

``svg``
~~~~~~~

.. method:: GeoQuerySet.svg(**kwargs)

.. deprecated:: 1.9

    Use the :class:`~django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.AsSVG` function
    instead.

*Availability*: PostGIS, SpatiaLite

Attaches a ``svg`` attribute to every model in the queryset that contains
the `Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG)`__ path data of the geometry fields.

=====================  =====================================================
Keyword Argument       Description
=====================  =====================================================
``relative``           If set to ``True``, the path data will be implemented
                       in terms of relative moves.  Defaults to ``False``,
                       meaning that absolute moves are used instead.

``precision``          This keyword may be used to specify the number of
                       significant digits for the coordinates in the SVG
                       representation -- the default value is 8.
=====================  =====================================================

__ http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/

Miscellaneous
-------------

``mem_size``
~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. method:: GeoQuerySet.mem_size(**kwargs)

.. deprecated:: 1.9

    Use the :class:`~django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.MemSize` function
    instead.

*Availability*: PostGIS

Returns the memory size (number of bytes) that the geometry field takes
in a ``mem_size`` attribute  on each element of the ``GeoQuerySet``.

``num_geom``
~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. method:: GeoQuerySet.num_geom(**kwargs)

.. deprecated:: 1.9

    Use the :class:`~django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.NumGeometries`
    function instead.

*Availability*: PostGIS, Oracle, SpatiaLite

Returns the number of geometries in a ``num_geom`` attribute on
each element of the ``GeoQuerySet`` if the geometry field is a
collection (e.g., a ``GEOMETRYCOLLECTION`` or ``MULTI*`` field);
otherwise sets with ``None``.

``num_points``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. method:: GeoQuerySet.num_points(**kwargs)

.. deprecated:: 1.9

    Use the :class:`~django.contrib.gis.db.models.functions.NumPoints` function
    instead.

*Availability*: PostGIS, Oracle, SpatiaLite

Returns the number of points in the first linestring in the
geometry field in a ``num_points`` attribute on each element of
the ``GeoQuerySet``; otherwise sets with ``None``.

Aggregate Functions
-------------------

Django provides some GIS-specific aggregate functions. For details on how to
use these aggregate functions, see :doc:`the topic guide on aggregation
</topics/db/aggregation>`.

=====================  =====================================================
Keyword Argument       Description
=====================  =====================================================
``tolerance``          This keyword is for Oracle only.  It is for the
                       tolerance value used by the ``SDOAGGRTYPE``
                       procedure; the  `Oracle documentation`__ has more
                       details.
=====================  =====================================================

__ https://docs.oracle.com/html/B14255_01/sdo_intro.htm#sthref150

Example::

    >>> from django.contrib.gis.db.models import Extent, Union
    >>> WorldBorder.objects.aggregate(Extent('mpoly'), Union('mpoly'))

``Collect``
~~~~~~~~~~~

.. class:: Collect(geo_field)

*Availability*: PostGIS, Spatialite

Returns a ``GEOMETRYCOLLECTION`` or a ``MULTI`` geometry object from the geometry
column. This is analogous to a simplified version of the :class:`Union`
aggregate, except it can be several orders of magnitude faster than performing
a union because it simply rolls up geometries into a collection or multi object,
not caring about dissolving boundaries.

``Extent``
~~~~~~~~~~

.. class:: Extent(geo_field)

*Availability*: PostGIS, Oracle, Spatialite

Returns the extent of all ``geo_field`` in the ``QuerySet`` as a four-tuple,
comprising the lower left coordinate and the upper right coordinate.

Example::

    >>> qs = City.objects.filter(name__in=('Houston', 'Dallas')).aggregate(Extent('poly'))
    >>> print(qs['poly__extent'])
    (-96.8016128540039, 29.7633724212646, -95.3631439208984, 32.782058715820)

``Extent3D``
~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. class:: Extent3D(geo_field)

*Availability*: PostGIS

Returns the 3D extent of all ``geo_field`` in the ``QuerySet`` as a six-tuple,
comprising the lower left coordinate and upper right coordinate (each with x, y,
and z coordinates).

Example::

    >>> qs = City.objects.filter(name__in=('Houston', 'Dallas')).aggregate(Extent3D('poly'))
    >>> print(qs['poly__extent3d'])
    (-96.8016128540039, 29.7633724212646, 0, -95.3631439208984, 32.782058715820, 0)

``MakeLine``
~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. class:: MakeLine(geo_field)

*Availability*: PostGIS, SpatiaLite

Returns a ``LineString`` constructed from the point field geometries in the
``QuerySet``. Currently, ordering the queryset has no effect.

.. versionchanged:: 1.10

    SpatiaLite support was added.

Example::

    >>> qs = City.objects.filter(name__in=('Houston', 'Dallas')).aggregate(MakeLine('poly'))
    >>> print(qs['poly__makeline'])
    LINESTRING (-95.3631510000000020 29.7633739999999989, -96.8016109999999941 32.7820570000000018)

``Union``
~~~~~~~~~

.. class:: Union(geo_field)

*Availability*: PostGIS, Oracle, SpatiaLite

This method returns a :class:`~django.contrib.gis.geos.GEOSGeometry` object
comprising the union of every geometry in the queryset. Please note that use of
``Union`` is processor intensive and may take a significant amount of time on
large querysets.

.. note::

    If the computation time for using this method is too expensive, consider
    using :class:`Collect` instead.

Example::

    >>> u = Zipcode.objects.aggregate(Union(poly))  # This may take a long time.
    >>> u = Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__within=bbox).aggregate(Union(poly))  # A more sensible approach.

.. rubric:: Footnotes
.. [#fnde9im] *See* `OpenGIS Simple Feature Specification For SQL <http://www.opengis.org/docs/99-049.pdf>`_, at Ch. 2.1.13.2, p. 2-13 (The Dimensionally Extended Nine-Intersection Model).
.. [#fnsdorelate] *See* `SDO_RELATE documentation <https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B19306_01/appdev.102/b14255/sdo_operat.htm#sthref845>`_, from Ch. 11 of the Oracle Spatial User's Guide and Manual.
.. [#fncovers] For an explanation of this routine, read `Quirks of the "Contains" Spatial Predicate <http://lin-ear-th-inking.blogspot.com/2007/06/subtleties-of-ogc-covers-spatial.html>`_ by Martin Davis (a PostGIS developer).
.. [#fncontainsproperly] Refer to the PostGIS ``ST_ContainsProperly`` `documentation <http://postgis.net/docs/manual-1.5/ST_ContainsProperly.html>`_ for more details.
