=================================
Providing initial data for models
=================================

It's sometimes useful to pre-populate your database with hard-coded data when
you're first setting up an app. There's a couple of ways you can have Django
automatically create this data: you can provide `initial data via fixtures`_, or
you can provide `initial data as SQL`_.

In general, using a fixture is a cleaner method since it's database-agnostic,
but initial SQL is also quite a bit more flexible.

.. _initial data as sql: `providing initial sql data`_
.. _initial data via fixtures: `providing initial data with fixtures`_

.. _initial-data-via-fixtures:

Providing initial data with fixtures
====================================

A fixture is a collection of data that Django knows how to import into a
database. The most straightforward way of creating a fixture if you've already
got some data is to use the :djadmin:`manage.py dumpdata <dumpdata>` command.
Or, you can write fixtures by hand; fixtures can be written as XML, YAML, or
JSON documents. The :doc:`serialization documentation </topics/serialization>`
has more details about each of these supported :ref:`serialization formats
<serialization-formats>`.

As an example, though, here's what a fixture for a simple ``Person`` model might
look like in JSON:

.. code-block:: js

    [
      {
        "model": "myapp.person",
        "pk": 1,
        "fields": {
          "first_name": "John",
          "last_name": "Lennon"
        }
      },
      {
        "model": "myapp.person",
        "pk": 2,
        "fields": {
          "first_name": "Paul",
          "last_name": "McCartney"
        }
      }
    ]

And here's that same fixture as YAML:

.. code-block:: none

    - model: myapp.person
      pk: 1
      fields:
        first_name: John
        last_name: Lennon
    - model: myapp.person
      pk: 2
      fields:
        first_name: Paul
        last_name: McCartney

You'll store this data in a ``fixtures`` directory inside your app.

Loading data is easy: just call :djadmin:`manage.py loaddata <loaddata>`
``<fixturename>``, where ``<fixturename>`` is the name of the fixture file
you've created. Each time you run :djadmin:`loaddata`, the data will be read
from the fixture and re-loaded into the database. Note this means that if you
change one of the rows created by a fixture and then run :djadmin:`loaddata`
again, you'll wipe out any changes you've made.

Automatically loading initial data fixtures
-------------------------------------------

.. deprecated:: 1.7

    If an application uses migrations, there is no automatic loading of
    fixtures. Since migrations will be required for applications in Django 2.0,
    this behavior is considered deprecated. If you want to load initial data
    for an app, consider doing it in a :ref:`data migration <data-migrations>`.

If you create a fixture named ``initial_data.[xml/yaml/json]``, that fixture will
be loaded every time you run :djadmin:`migrate`. This is extremely convenient,
but be careful: remember that the data will be refreshed *every time* you run
:djadmin:`migrate`. So don't use ``initial_data`` for data you'll want to edit.

Where Django finds fixture files
--------------------------------

By default, Django looks in the ``fixtures`` directory inside each app for
fixtures. You can set the :setting:`FIXTURE_DIRS` setting to a list of
additional directories where Django should look.

When running :djadmin:`manage.py loaddata <loaddata>`, you can also
specify a path to a fixture file, which overrides searching the usual
directories.

.. seealso::

    Fixtures are also used by the :ref:`testing framework
    <topics-testing-fixtures>` to help set up a consistent test environment.

.. _initial-sql:

Providing initial SQL data
==========================

.. deprecated:: 1.7

    If an application uses migrations, there is no loading of initial SQL data
    (including backend-specific SQL data). Since migrations will be required
    for applications in Django 2.0, this behavior is considered deprecated.
    If you want to use initial SQL for an app, consider doing it in a
    :ref:`data migration <data-migrations>`.

Django provides a hook for passing the database arbitrary SQL that's executed
just after the CREATE TABLE statements when you run :djadmin:`migrate`. You can
use this hook to populate default records, or you could also create SQL
functions, views, triggers, etc.

The hook is simple: Django just looks for a file called ``sql/<modelname>.sql``,
in your app directory, where ``<modelname>`` is the model's name in lowercase.

So, if you had a ``Person`` model in an app called ``myapp``, you could add
arbitrary SQL to the file ``sql/person.sql`` inside your ``myapp`` directory.
Here's an example of what the file might contain:

.. code-block:: sql

    INSERT INTO myapp_person (first_name, last_name) VALUES ('John', 'Lennon');
    INSERT INTO myapp_person (first_name, last_name) VALUES ('Paul', 'McCartney');

Each SQL file, if given, is expected to contain valid SQL statements
which will insert the desired data (e.g., properly-formatted
``INSERT`` statements separated by semicolons).

The SQL files are read by the :djadmin:`sqlcustom` and :djadmin:`sqlall`
commands in :doc:`manage.py </ref/django-admin>`. Refer to the :doc:`manage.py
documentation </ref/django-admin>` for more information.

Note that if you have multiple SQL data files, there's no guarantee of
the order in which they're executed. The only thing you can assume is
that, by the time your custom data files are executed, all the
database tables already will have been created.

.. admonition:: Initial SQL data and testing

    This technique *cannot* be used to provide initial data for
    testing purposes. Django's test framework flushes the contents of
    the test database after each test; as a result, any data added
    using the custom SQL hook will be lost.

    If you require data for a test case, you should add it using
    either a :ref:`test fixture <topics-testing-fixtures>`, or
    programmatically add it during the ``setUp()`` of your test case.

Database-backend-specific SQL data
----------------------------------

There's also a hook for backend-specific SQL data. For example, you
can have separate initial-data files for PostgreSQL and SQLite. For
each app, Django looks for a file called
``<app_label>/sql/<modelname>.<backend>.sql``, where ``<app_label>`` is
your app directory, ``<modelname>`` is the model's name in lowercase
and ``<backend>`` is the last part of the module name provided for the
:setting:`ENGINE <DATABASE-ENGINE>` in your settings file (e.g., if you have
defined a database with an :setting:`ENGINE <DATABASE-ENGINE>` value of
``django.db.backends.sqlite3``, Django will look for
``<app_label>/sql/<modelname>.sqlite3.sql``).

Backend-specific SQL data is executed before non-backend-specific SQL
data. For example, if your app contains the files ``sql/person.sql``
and ``sql/person.sqlite3.sql`` and you're installing the app on
SQLite, Django will execute the contents of
``sql/person.sqlite3.sql`` first, then ``sql/person.sql``.
