# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from __future__ import unicode_literals

import copy
import datetime
import json
import warnings

from django.core.files.uploadedfile import SimpleUploadedFile
from django.core.validators import RegexValidator
from django.forms import (
    BooleanField, CharField, CheckboxSelectMultiple, ChoiceField, DateField,
    EmailField, FileField, FloatField, Form, forms, HiddenInput, IntegerField,
    MultipleChoiceField, MultipleHiddenInput, MultiValueField,
    NullBooleanField, PasswordInput, RadioSelect, Select, SplitDateTimeField,
    Textarea, TextInput, ValidationError, widgets,
)
from django.forms.utils import ErrorList
from django.http import QueryDict
from django.template import Template, Context
from django.test import TestCase
from django.test.utils import str_prefix
from django.utils.datastructures import MultiValueDict, MergeDict
from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
from django.utils import six


class Person(Form):
    first_name = CharField()
    last_name = CharField()
    birthday = DateField()


class PersonNew(Form):
    first_name = CharField(widget=TextInput(attrs={'id': 'first_name_id'}))
    last_name = CharField()
    birthday = DateField()


class FormsTestCase(TestCase):
    # A Form is a collection of Fields. It knows how to validate a set of data and it
    # knows how to render itself in a couple of default ways (e.g., an HTML table).
    # You can pass it data in __init__(), as a dictionary.

    def test_form(self):
        # Pass a dictionary to a Form's __init__().
        p = Person({'first_name': 'John', 'last_name': 'Lennon', 'birthday': '1940-10-9'})

        self.assertTrue(p.is_bound)
        self.assertEqual(p.errors, {})
        self.assertTrue(p.is_valid())
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.errors.as_ul(), '')
        self.assertEqual(p.errors.as_text(), '')
        self.assertEqual(p.cleaned_data["first_name"], 'John')
        self.assertEqual(p.cleaned_data["last_name"], 'Lennon')
        self.assertEqual(p.cleaned_data["birthday"], datetime.date(1940, 10, 9))
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(p['first_name']), '<input type="text" name="first_name" value="John" id="id_first_name" />')
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(p['last_name']), '<input type="text" name="last_name" value="Lennon" id="id_last_name" />')
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(p['birthday']), '<input type="text" name="birthday" value="1940-10-9" id="id_birthday" />')
        try:
            p['nonexistentfield']
            self.fail('Attempts to access non-existent fields should fail.')
        except KeyError:
            pass

        form_output = []

        for boundfield in p:
            form_output.append(str(boundfield))

        self.assertHTMLEqual('\n'.join(form_output), """<input type="text" name="first_name" value="John" id="id_first_name" />
<input type="text" name="last_name" value="Lennon" id="id_last_name" />
<input type="text" name="birthday" value="1940-10-9" id="id_birthday" />""")

        form_output = []

        for boundfield in p:
            form_output.append([boundfield.label, boundfield.data])

        self.assertEqual(form_output, [
            ['First name', 'John'],
            ['Last name', 'Lennon'],
            ['Birthday', '1940-10-9']
        ])
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(p), """<tr><th><label for="id_first_name">First name:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="first_name" value="John" id="id_first_name" /></td></tr>
<tr><th><label for="id_last_name">Last name:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="last_name" value="Lennon" id="id_last_name" /></td></tr>
<tr><th><label for="id_birthday">Birthday:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="birthday" value="1940-10-9" id="id_birthday" /></td></tr>""")

    def test_empty_dict(self):
        # Empty dictionaries are valid, too.
        p = Person({})
        self.assertTrue(p.is_bound)
        self.assertEqual(p.errors['first_name'], ['This field is required.'])
        self.assertEqual(p.errors['last_name'], ['This field is required.'])
        self.assertEqual(p.errors['birthday'], ['This field is required.'])
        self.assertFalse(p.is_valid())
        self.assertEqual(p.cleaned_data, {})
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(p), """<tr><th><label for="id_first_name">First name:</label></th><td><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul><input type="text" name="first_name" id="id_first_name" /></td></tr>
<tr><th><label for="id_last_name">Last name:</label></th><td><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul><input type="text" name="last_name" id="id_last_name" /></td></tr>
<tr><th><label for="id_birthday">Birthday:</label></th><td><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul><input type="text" name="birthday" id="id_birthday" /></td></tr>""")
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_table(), """<tr><th><label for="id_first_name">First name:</label></th><td><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul><input type="text" name="first_name" id="id_first_name" /></td></tr>
<tr><th><label for="id_last_name">Last name:</label></th><td><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul><input type="text" name="last_name" id="id_last_name" /></td></tr>
<tr><th><label for="id_birthday">Birthday:</label></th><td><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul><input type="text" name="birthday" id="id_birthday" /></td></tr>""")
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_ul(), """<li><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul><label for="id_first_name">First name:</label> <input type="text" name="first_name" id="id_first_name" /></li>
<li><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul><label for="id_last_name">Last name:</label> <input type="text" name="last_name" id="id_last_name" /></li>
<li><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul><label for="id_birthday">Birthday:</label> <input type="text" name="birthday" id="id_birthday" /></li>""")
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_p(), """<ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>
<p><label for="id_first_name">First name:</label> <input type="text" name="first_name" id="id_first_name" /></p>
<ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>
<p><label for="id_last_name">Last name:</label> <input type="text" name="last_name" id="id_last_name" /></p>
<ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>
<p><label for="id_birthday">Birthday:</label> <input type="text" name="birthday" id="id_birthday" /></p>""")

    def test_unbound_form(self):
        # If you don't pass any values to the Form's __init__(), or if you pass None,
        # the Form will be considered unbound and won't do any validation. Form.errors
        # will be an empty dictionary *but* Form.is_valid() will return False.
        p = Person()
        self.assertFalse(p.is_bound)
        self.assertEqual(p.errors, {})
        self.assertFalse(p.is_valid())
        try:
            p.cleaned_data
            self.fail('Attempts to access cleaned_data when validation fails should fail.')
        except AttributeError:
            pass
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(p), """<tr><th><label for="id_first_name">First name:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="first_name" id="id_first_name" /></td></tr>
<tr><th><label for="id_last_name">Last name:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="last_name" id="id_last_name" /></td></tr>
<tr><th><label for="id_birthday">Birthday:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="birthday" id="id_birthday" /></td></tr>""")
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_table(), """<tr><th><label for="id_first_name">First name:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="first_name" id="id_first_name" /></td></tr>
<tr><th><label for="id_last_name">Last name:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="last_name" id="id_last_name" /></td></tr>
<tr><th><label for="id_birthday">Birthday:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="birthday" id="id_birthday" /></td></tr>""")
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_ul(), """<li><label for="id_first_name">First name:</label> <input type="text" name="first_name" id="id_first_name" /></li>
<li><label for="id_last_name">Last name:</label> <input type="text" name="last_name" id="id_last_name" /></li>
<li><label for="id_birthday">Birthday:</label> <input type="text" name="birthday" id="id_birthday" /></li>""")
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_p(), """<p><label for="id_first_name">First name:</label> <input type="text" name="first_name" id="id_first_name" /></p>
<p><label for="id_last_name">Last name:</label> <input type="text" name="last_name" id="id_last_name" /></p>
<p><label for="id_birthday">Birthday:</label> <input type="text" name="birthday" id="id_birthday" /></p>""")

    def test_unicode_values(self):
        # Unicode values are handled properly.
        p = Person({'first_name': 'John', 'last_name': '\u0160\u0110\u0106\u017d\u0107\u017e\u0161\u0111', 'birthday': '1940-10-9'})
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_table(), '<tr><th><label for="id_first_name">First name:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="first_name" value="John" id="id_first_name" /></td></tr>\n<tr><th><label for="id_last_name">Last name:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="last_name" value="\u0160\u0110\u0106\u017d\u0107\u017e\u0161\u0111" id="id_last_name" /></td></tr>\n<tr><th><label for="id_birthday">Birthday:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="birthday" value="1940-10-9" id="id_birthday" /></td></tr>')
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_ul(), '<li><label for="id_first_name">First name:</label> <input type="text" name="first_name" value="John" id="id_first_name" /></li>\n<li><label for="id_last_name">Last name:</label> <input type="text" name="last_name" value="\u0160\u0110\u0106\u017d\u0107\u017e\u0161\u0111" id="id_last_name" /></li>\n<li><label for="id_birthday">Birthday:</label> <input type="text" name="birthday" value="1940-10-9" id="id_birthday" /></li>')
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_p(), '<p><label for="id_first_name">First name:</label> <input type="text" name="first_name" value="John" id="id_first_name" /></p>\n<p><label for="id_last_name">Last name:</label> <input type="text" name="last_name" value="\u0160\u0110\u0106\u017d\u0107\u017e\u0161\u0111" id="id_last_name" /></p>\n<p><label for="id_birthday">Birthday:</label> <input type="text" name="birthday" value="1940-10-9" id="id_birthday" /></p>')

        p = Person({'last_name': 'Lennon'})
        self.assertEqual(p.errors['first_name'], ['This field is required.'])
        self.assertEqual(p.errors['birthday'], ['This field is required.'])
        self.assertFalse(p.is_valid())
        self.assertDictEqual(p.errors, {'birthday': ['This field is required.'], 'first_name': ['This field is required.']})
        self.assertEqual(p.cleaned_data, {'last_name': 'Lennon'})
        self.assertEqual(p['first_name'].errors, ['This field is required.'])
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p['first_name'].errors.as_ul(), '<ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>')
        self.assertEqual(p['first_name'].errors.as_text(), '* This field is required.')

        p = Person()
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(p['first_name']), '<input type="text" name="first_name" id="id_first_name" />')
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(p['last_name']), '<input type="text" name="last_name" id="id_last_name" />')
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(p['birthday']), '<input type="text" name="birthday" id="id_birthday" />')

    def test_cleaned_data_only_fields(self):
        # cleaned_data will always *only* contain a key for fields defined in the
        # Form, even if you pass extra data when you define the Form. In this
        # example, we pass a bunch of extra fields to the form constructor,
        # but cleaned_data contains only the form's fields.
        data = {'first_name': 'John', 'last_name': 'Lennon', 'birthday': '1940-10-9', 'extra1': 'hello', 'extra2': 'hello'}
        p = Person(data)
        self.assertTrue(p.is_valid())
        self.assertEqual(p.cleaned_data['first_name'], 'John')
        self.assertEqual(p.cleaned_data['last_name'], 'Lennon')
        self.assertEqual(p.cleaned_data['birthday'], datetime.date(1940, 10, 9))

    def test_optional_data(self):
        # cleaned_data will include a key and value for *all* fields defined in the Form,
        # even if the Form's data didn't include a value for fields that are not
        # required. In this example, the data dictionary doesn't include a value for the
        # "nick_name" field, but cleaned_data includes it. For CharFields, it's set to the
        # empty string.
        class OptionalPersonForm(Form):
            first_name = CharField()
            last_name = CharField()
            nick_name = CharField(required=False)

        data = {'first_name': 'John', 'last_name': 'Lennon'}
        f = OptionalPersonForm(data)
        self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['nick_name'], '')
        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['first_name'], 'John')
        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['last_name'], 'Lennon')

        # For DateFields, it's set to None.
        class OptionalPersonForm(Form):
            first_name = CharField()
            last_name = CharField()
            birth_date = DateField(required=False)

        data = {'first_name': 'John', 'last_name': 'Lennon'}
        f = OptionalPersonForm(data)
        self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['birth_date'], None)
        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['first_name'], 'John')
        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['last_name'], 'Lennon')

    def test_auto_id(self):
        # "auto_id" tells the Form to add an "id" attribute to each form element.
        # If it's a string that contains '%s', Django will use that as a format string
        # into which the field's name will be inserted. It will also put a <label> around
        # the human-readable labels for a field.
        p = Person(auto_id='%s_id')
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_table(), """<tr><th><label for="first_name_id">First name:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="first_name" id="first_name_id" /></td></tr>
<tr><th><label for="last_name_id">Last name:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="last_name" id="last_name_id" /></td></tr>
<tr><th><label for="birthday_id">Birthday:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="birthday" id="birthday_id" /></td></tr>""")
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_ul(), """<li><label for="first_name_id">First name:</label> <input type="text" name="first_name" id="first_name_id" /></li>
<li><label for="last_name_id">Last name:</label> <input type="text" name="last_name" id="last_name_id" /></li>
<li><label for="birthday_id">Birthday:</label> <input type="text" name="birthday" id="birthday_id" /></li>""")
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_p(), """<p><label for="first_name_id">First name:</label> <input type="text" name="first_name" id="first_name_id" /></p>
<p><label for="last_name_id">Last name:</label> <input type="text" name="last_name" id="last_name_id" /></p>
<p><label for="birthday_id">Birthday:</label> <input type="text" name="birthday" id="birthday_id" /></p>""")

    def test_auto_id_true(self):
        # If auto_id is any True value whose str() does not contain '%s', the "id"
        # attribute will be the name of the field.
        p = Person(auto_id=True)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_ul(), """<li><label for="first_name">First name:</label> <input type="text" name="first_name" id="first_name" /></li>
<li><label for="last_name">Last name:</label> <input type="text" name="last_name" id="last_name" /></li>
<li><label for="birthday">Birthday:</label> <input type="text" name="birthday" id="birthday" /></li>""")

    def test_auto_id_false(self):
        # If auto_id is any False value, an "id" attribute won't be output unless it
        # was manually entered.
        p = Person(auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_ul(), """<li>First name: <input type="text" name="first_name" /></li>
<li>Last name: <input type="text" name="last_name" /></li>
<li>Birthday: <input type="text" name="birthday" /></li>""")

    def test_id_on_field(self):
        # In this example, auto_id is False, but the "id" attribute for the "first_name"
        # field is given. Also note that field gets a <label>, while the others don't.
        p = PersonNew(auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_ul(), """<li><label for="first_name_id">First name:</label> <input type="text" id="first_name_id" name="first_name" /></li>
<li>Last name: <input type="text" name="last_name" /></li>
<li>Birthday: <input type="text" name="birthday" /></li>""")

    def test_auto_id_on_form_and_field(self):
        # If the "id" attribute is specified in the Form and auto_id is True, the "id"
        # attribute in the Form gets precedence.
        p = PersonNew(auto_id=True)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_ul(), """<li><label for="first_name_id">First name:</label> <input type="text" id="first_name_id" name="first_name" /></li>
<li><label for="last_name">Last name:</label> <input type="text" name="last_name" id="last_name" /></li>
<li><label for="birthday">Birthday:</label> <input type="text" name="birthday" id="birthday" /></li>""")

    def test_various_boolean_values(self):
        class SignupForm(Form):
            email = EmailField()
            get_spam = BooleanField()

        f = SignupForm(auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['email']), '<input type="email" name="email" />')
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['get_spam']), '<input type="checkbox" name="get_spam" />')

        f = SignupForm({'email': 'test@example.com', 'get_spam': True}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['email']), '<input type="email" name="email" value="test@example.com" />')
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['get_spam']), '<input checked="checked" type="checkbox" name="get_spam" />')

        # 'True' or 'true' should be rendered without a value attribute
        f = SignupForm({'email': 'test@example.com', 'get_spam': 'True'}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['get_spam']), '<input checked="checked" type="checkbox" name="get_spam" />')

        f = SignupForm({'email': 'test@example.com', 'get_spam': 'true'}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['get_spam']), '<input checked="checked" type="checkbox" name="get_spam" />')

        # A value of 'False' or 'false' should be rendered unchecked
        f = SignupForm({'email': 'test@example.com', 'get_spam': 'False'}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['get_spam']), '<input type="checkbox" name="get_spam" />')

        f = SignupForm({'email': 'test@example.com', 'get_spam': 'false'}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['get_spam']), '<input type="checkbox" name="get_spam" />')

        # A value of '0' should be interpreted as a True value (#16820)
        f = SignupForm({'email': 'test@example.com', 'get_spam': '0'})
        self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
        self.assertTrue(f.cleaned_data.get('get_spam'))

    def test_widget_output(self):
        # Any Field can have a Widget class passed to its constructor:
        class ContactForm(Form):
            subject = CharField()
            message = CharField(widget=Textarea)

        f = ContactForm(auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['subject']), '<input type="text" name="subject" />')
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['message']), '<textarea name="message" rows="10" cols="40"></textarea>')

        # as_textarea(), as_text() and as_hidden() are shortcuts for changing the output
        # widget type:
        self.assertHTMLEqual(f['subject'].as_textarea(), '<textarea name="subject" rows="10" cols="40"></textarea>')
        self.assertHTMLEqual(f['message'].as_text(), '<input type="text" name="message" />')
        self.assertHTMLEqual(f['message'].as_hidden(), '<input type="hidden" name="message" />')

        # The 'widget' parameter to a Field can also be an instance:
        class ContactForm(Form):
            subject = CharField()
            message = CharField(widget=Textarea(attrs={'rows': 80, 'cols': 20}))

        f = ContactForm(auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['message']), '<textarea name="message" rows="80" cols="20"></textarea>')

        # Instance-level attrs are *not* carried over to as_textarea(), as_text() and
        # as_hidden():
        self.assertHTMLEqual(f['message'].as_text(), '<input type="text" name="message" />')
        f = ContactForm({'subject': 'Hello', 'message': 'I love you.'}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(f['subject'].as_textarea(), '<textarea rows="10" cols="40" name="subject">Hello</textarea>')
        self.assertHTMLEqual(f['message'].as_text(), '<input type="text" name="message" value="I love you." />')
        self.assertHTMLEqual(f['message'].as_hidden(), '<input type="hidden" name="message" value="I love you." />')

    def test_forms_with_choices(self):
        # For a form with a <select>, use ChoiceField:
        class FrameworkForm(Form):
            name = CharField()
            language = ChoiceField(choices=[('P', 'Python'), ('J', 'Java')])

        f = FrameworkForm(auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['language']), """<select name="language">
<option value="P">Python</option>
<option value="J">Java</option>
</select>""")
        f = FrameworkForm({'name': 'Django', 'language': 'P'}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['language']), """<select name="language">
<option value="P" selected="selected">Python</option>
<option value="J">Java</option>
</select>""")

        # A subtlety: If one of the choices' value is the empty string and the form is
        # unbound, then the <option> for the empty-string choice will get selected="selected".
        class FrameworkForm(Form):
            name = CharField()
            language = ChoiceField(choices=[('', '------'), ('P', 'Python'), ('J', 'Java')])

        f = FrameworkForm(auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['language']), """<select name="language">
<option value="" selected="selected">------</option>
<option value="P">Python</option>
<option value="J">Java</option>
</select>""")

        # You can specify widget attributes in the Widget constructor.
        class FrameworkForm(Form):
            name = CharField()
            language = ChoiceField(choices=[('P', 'Python'), ('J', 'Java')], widget=Select(attrs={'class': 'foo'}))

        f = FrameworkForm(auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['language']), """<select class="foo" name="language">
<option value="P">Python</option>
<option value="J">Java</option>
</select>""")
        f = FrameworkForm({'name': 'Django', 'language': 'P'}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['language']), """<select class="foo" name="language">
<option value="P" selected="selected">Python</option>
<option value="J">Java</option>
</select>""")

        # When passing a custom widget instance to ChoiceField, note that setting
        # 'choices' on the widget is meaningless. The widget will use the choices
        # defined on the Field, not the ones defined on the Widget.
        class FrameworkForm(Form):
            name = CharField()
            language = ChoiceField(choices=[('P', 'Python'), ('J', 'Java')], widget=Select(choices=[('R', 'Ruby'), ('P', 'Perl')], attrs={'class': 'foo'}))

        f = FrameworkForm(auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['language']), """<select class="foo" name="language">
<option value="P">Python</option>
<option value="J">Java</option>
</select>""")
        f = FrameworkForm({'name': 'Django', 'language': 'P'}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['language']), """<select class="foo" name="language">
<option value="P" selected="selected">Python</option>
<option value="J">Java</option>
</select>""")

        # You can set a ChoiceField's choices after the fact.
        class FrameworkForm(Form):
            name = CharField()
            language = ChoiceField()

        f = FrameworkForm(auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['language']), """<select name="language">
</select>""")
        f.fields['language'].choices = [('P', 'Python'), ('J', 'Java')]
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['language']), """<select name="language">
<option value="P">Python</option>
<option value="J">Java</option>
</select>""")

    def test_forms_with_radio(self):
        # Add widget=RadioSelect to use that widget with a ChoiceField.
        class FrameworkForm(Form):
            name = CharField()
            language = ChoiceField(choices=[('P', 'Python'), ('J', 'Java')], widget=RadioSelect)

        f = FrameworkForm(auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['language']), """<ul>
<li><label><input type="radio" name="language" value="P" /> Python</label></li>
<li><label><input type="radio" name="language" value="J" /> Java</label></li>
</ul>""")
        self.assertHTMLEqual(f.as_table(), """<tr><th>Name:</th><td><input type="text" name="name" /></td></tr>
<tr><th>Language:</th><td><ul>
<li><label><input type="radio" name="language" value="P" /> Python</label></li>
<li><label><input type="radio" name="language" value="J" /> Java</label></li>
</ul></td></tr>""")
        self.assertHTMLEqual(f.as_ul(), """<li>Name: <input type="text" name="name" /></li>
<li>Language: <ul>
<li><label><input type="radio" name="language" value="P" /> Python</label></li>
<li><label><input type="radio" name="language" value="J" /> Java</label></li>
</ul></li>""")

        # Regarding auto_id and <label>, RadioSelect is a special case. Each radio button
        # gets a distinct ID, formed by appending an underscore plus the button's
        # zero-based index.
        f = FrameworkForm(auto_id='id_%s')
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['language']), """<ul id="id_language">
<li><label for="id_language_0"><input type="radio" id="id_language_0" value="P" name="language" /> Python</label></li>
<li><label for="id_language_1"><input type="radio" id="id_language_1" value="J" name="language" /> Java</label></li>
</ul>""")

        # When RadioSelect is used with auto_id, and the whole form is printed using
        # either as_table() or as_ul(), the label for the RadioSelect will point to the
        # ID of the *first* radio button.
        self.assertHTMLEqual(f.as_table(), """<tr><th><label for="id_name">Name:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="name" id="id_name" /></td></tr>
<tr><th><label for="id_language_0">Language:</label></th><td><ul id="id_language">
<li><label for="id_language_0"><input type="radio" id="id_language_0" value="P" name="language" /> Python</label></li>
<li><label for="id_language_1"><input type="radio" id="id_language_1" value="J" name="language" /> Java</label></li>
</ul></td></tr>""")
        self.assertHTMLEqual(f.as_ul(), """<li><label for="id_name">Name:</label> <input type="text" name="name" id="id_name" /></li>
<li><label for="id_language_0">Language:</label> <ul id="id_language">
<li><label for="id_language_0"><input type="radio" id="id_language_0" value="P" name="language" /> Python</label></li>
<li><label for="id_language_1"><input type="radio" id="id_language_1" value="J" name="language" /> Java</label></li>
</ul></li>""")
        self.assertHTMLEqual(f.as_p(), """<p><label for="id_name">Name:</label> <input type="text" name="name" id="id_name" /></p>
<p><label for="id_language_0">Language:</label> <ul id="id_language">
<li><label for="id_language_0"><input type="radio" id="id_language_0" value="P" name="language" /> Python</label></li>
<li><label for="id_language_1"><input type="radio" id="id_language_1" value="J" name="language" /> Java</label></li>
</ul></p>""")

    def test_form_with_iterable_boundfield(self):
        class BeatleForm(Form):
            name = ChoiceField(choices=[('john', 'John'), ('paul', 'Paul'), ('george', 'George'), ('ringo', 'Ringo')], widget=RadioSelect)

        f = BeatleForm(auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual('\n'.join(str(bf) for bf in f['name']), """<label><input type="radio" name="name" value="john" /> John</label>
<label><input type="radio" name="name" value="paul" /> Paul</label>
<label><input type="radio" name="name" value="george" /> George</label>
<label><input type="radio" name="name" value="ringo" /> Ringo</label>""")
        self.assertHTMLEqual('\n'.join('<div>%s</div>' % bf for bf in f['name']), """<div><label><input type="radio" name="name" value="john" /> John</label></div>
<div><label><input type="radio" name="name" value="paul" /> Paul</label></div>
<div><label><input type="radio" name="name" value="george" /> George</label></div>
<div><label><input type="radio" name="name" value="ringo" /> Ringo</label></div>""")

    def test_form_with_noniterable_boundfield(self):
        # You can iterate over any BoundField, not just those with widget=RadioSelect.
        class BeatleForm(Form):
            name = CharField()

        f = BeatleForm(auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual('\n'.join(str(bf) for bf in f['name']), '<input type="text" name="name" />')

    def test_forms_with_multiple_choice(self):
        # MultipleChoiceField is a special case, as its data is required to be a list:
        class SongForm(Form):
            name = CharField()
            composers = MultipleChoiceField()

        f = SongForm(auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['composers']), """<select multiple="multiple" name="composers">
</select>""")

        class SongForm(Form):
            name = CharField()
            composers = MultipleChoiceField(choices=[('J', 'John Lennon'), ('P', 'Paul McCartney')])

        f = SongForm(auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['composers']), """<select multiple="multiple" name="composers">
<option value="J">John Lennon</option>
<option value="P">Paul McCartney</option>
</select>""")
        f = SongForm({'name': 'Yesterday', 'composers': ['P']}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['name']), '<input type="text" name="name" value="Yesterday" />')
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['composers']), """<select multiple="multiple" name="composers">
<option value="J">John Lennon</option>
<option value="P" selected="selected">Paul McCartney</option>
</select>""")

    def test_hidden_data(self):
        class SongForm(Form):
            name = CharField()
            composers = MultipleChoiceField(choices=[('J', 'John Lennon'), ('P', 'Paul McCartney')])

        # MultipleChoiceField rendered as_hidden() is a special case. Because it can
        # have multiple values, its as_hidden() renders multiple <input type="hidden">
        # tags.
        f = SongForm({'name': 'Yesterday', 'composers': ['P']}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(f['composers'].as_hidden(), '<input type="hidden" name="composers" value="P" />')
        f = SongForm({'name': 'From Me To You', 'composers': ['P', 'J']}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(f['composers'].as_hidden(), """<input type="hidden" name="composers" value="P" />
<input type="hidden" name="composers" value="J" />""")

        # DateTimeField rendered as_hidden() is special too
        class MessageForm(Form):
            when = SplitDateTimeField()

        f = MessageForm({'when_0': '1992-01-01', 'when_1': '01:01'})
        self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['when']), '<input type="text" name="when_0" value="1992-01-01" id="id_when_0" /><input type="text" name="when_1" value="01:01" id="id_when_1" />')
        self.assertHTMLEqual(f['when'].as_hidden(), '<input type="hidden" name="when_0" value="1992-01-01" id="id_when_0" /><input type="hidden" name="when_1" value="01:01" id="id_when_1" />')

    def test_mulitple_choice_checkbox(self):
        # MultipleChoiceField can also be used with the CheckboxSelectMultiple widget.
        class SongForm(Form):
            name = CharField()
            composers = MultipleChoiceField(choices=[('J', 'John Lennon'), ('P', 'Paul McCartney')], widget=CheckboxSelectMultiple)

        f = SongForm(auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['composers']), """<ul>
<li><label><input type="checkbox" name="composers" value="J" /> John Lennon</label></li>
<li><label><input type="checkbox" name="composers" value="P" /> Paul McCartney</label></li>
</ul>""")
        f = SongForm({'composers': ['J']}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['composers']), """<ul>
<li><label><input checked="checked" type="checkbox" name="composers" value="J" /> John Lennon</label></li>
<li><label><input type="checkbox" name="composers" value="P" /> Paul McCartney</label></li>
</ul>""")
        f = SongForm({'composers': ['J', 'P']}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['composers']), """<ul>
<li><label><input checked="checked" type="checkbox" name="composers" value="J" /> John Lennon</label></li>
<li><label><input checked="checked" type="checkbox" name="composers" value="P" /> Paul McCartney</label></li>
</ul>""")

    def test_checkbox_auto_id(self):
        # Regarding auto_id, CheckboxSelectMultiple is a special case. Each checkbox
        # gets a distinct ID, formed by appending an underscore plus the checkbox's
        # zero-based index.
        class SongForm(Form):
            name = CharField()
            composers = MultipleChoiceField(choices=[('J', 'John Lennon'), ('P', 'Paul McCartney')], widget=CheckboxSelectMultiple)

        f = SongForm(auto_id='%s_id')
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(f['composers']), """<ul id="composers_id">
<li><label for="composers_id_0"><input type="checkbox" name="composers" value="J" id="composers_id_0" /> John Lennon</label></li>
<li><label for="composers_id_1"><input type="checkbox" name="composers" value="P" id="composers_id_1" /> Paul McCartney</label></li>
</ul>""")

    def test_multiple_choice_list_data(self):
        # Data for a MultipleChoiceField should be a list. QueryDict, MultiValueDict and
        # MergeDict (when created as a merge of MultiValueDicts) conveniently work with
        # this.
        class SongForm(Form):
            name = CharField()
            composers = MultipleChoiceField(choices=[('J', 'John Lennon'), ('P', 'Paul McCartney')], widget=CheckboxSelectMultiple)

        data = {'name': 'Yesterday', 'composers': ['J', 'P']}
        f = SongForm(data)
        self.assertEqual(f.errors, {})

        data = QueryDict('name=Yesterday&composers=J&composers=P')
        f = SongForm(data)
        self.assertEqual(f.errors, {})

        data = MultiValueDict(dict(name=['Yesterday'], composers=['J', 'P']))
        f = SongForm(data)
        self.assertEqual(f.errors, {})

        # MergeDict is deprecated, but is supported until removed.
        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True):
            warnings.simplefilter("always")
            data = MergeDict(MultiValueDict(dict(name=['Yesterday'], composers=['J', 'P'])))
            f = SongForm(data)
            self.assertEqual(f.errors, {})

    def test_multiple_hidden(self):
        class SongForm(Form):
            name = CharField()
            composers = MultipleChoiceField(choices=[('J', 'John Lennon'), ('P', 'Paul McCartney')], widget=CheckboxSelectMultiple)

        # The MultipleHiddenInput widget renders multiple values as hidden fields.
        class SongFormHidden(Form):
            name = CharField()
            composers = MultipleChoiceField(choices=[('J', 'John Lennon'), ('P', 'Paul McCartney')], widget=MultipleHiddenInput)

        f = SongFormHidden(MultiValueDict(dict(name=['Yesterday'], composers=['J', 'P'])), auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(f.as_ul(), """<li>Name: <input type="text" name="name" value="Yesterday" /><input type="hidden" name="composers" value="J" />
<input type="hidden" name="composers" value="P" /></li>""")

        # When using CheckboxSelectMultiple, the framework expects a list of input and
        # returns a list of input.
        f = SongForm({'name': 'Yesterday'}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertEqual(f.errors['composers'], ['This field is required.'])
        f = SongForm({'name': 'Yesterday', 'composers': ['J']}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertEqual(f.errors, {})
        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['composers'], ['J'])
        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['name'], 'Yesterday')
        f = SongForm({'name': 'Yesterday', 'composers': ['J', 'P']}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertEqual(f.errors, {})
        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['composers'], ['J', 'P'])
        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['name'], 'Yesterday')

    def test_escaping(self):
        # Validation errors are HTML-escaped when output as HTML.
        class EscapingForm(Form):
            special_name = CharField(label="<em>Special</em> Field")
            special_safe_name = CharField(label=mark_safe("<em>Special</em> Field"))

            def clean_special_name(self):
                raise ValidationError("Something's wrong with '%s'" % self.cleaned_data['special_name'])

            def clean_special_safe_name(self):
                raise ValidationError(mark_safe("'<b>%s</b>' is a safe string" % self.cleaned_data['special_safe_name']))

        f = EscapingForm({'special_name': "Nothing to escape", 'special_safe_name': "Nothing to escape"}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(f.as_table(), """<tr><th>&lt;em&gt;Special&lt;/em&gt; Field:</th><td><ul class="errorlist"><li>Something&#39;s wrong with &#39;Nothing to escape&#39;</li></ul><input type="text" name="special_name" value="Nothing to escape" /></td></tr>
<tr><th><em>Special</em> Field:</th><td><ul class="errorlist"><li>'<b>Nothing to escape</b>' is a safe string</li></ul><input type="text" name="special_safe_name" value="Nothing to escape" /></td></tr>""")
        f = EscapingForm({
            'special_name': "Should escape < & > and <script>alert('xss')</script>",
            'special_safe_name': "<i>Do not escape</i>"
        }, auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(f.as_table(), """<tr><th>&lt;em&gt;Special&lt;/em&gt; Field:</th><td><ul class="errorlist"><li>Something&#39;s wrong with &#39;Should escape &lt; &amp; &gt; and &lt;script&gt;alert(&#39;xss&#39;)&lt;/script&gt;&#39;</li></ul><input type="text" name="special_name" value="Should escape &lt; &amp; &gt; and &lt;script&gt;alert(&#39;xss&#39;)&lt;/script&gt;" /></td></tr>
<tr><th><em>Special</em> Field:</th><td><ul class="errorlist"><li>'<b><i>Do not escape</i></b>' is a safe string</li></ul><input type="text" name="special_safe_name" value="&lt;i&gt;Do not escape&lt;/i&gt;" /></td></tr>""")

    def test_validating_multiple_fields(self):
        # There are a couple of ways to do multiple-field validation. If you want the
        # validation message to be associated with a particular field, implement the
        # clean_XXX() method on the Form, where XXX is the field name. As in
        # Field.clean(), the clean_XXX() method should return the cleaned value. In the
        # clean_XXX() method, you have access to self.cleaned_data, which is a dictionary
        # of all the data that has been cleaned *so far*, in order by the fields,
        # including the current field (e.g., the field XXX if you're in clean_XXX()).
        class UserRegistration(Form):
            username = CharField(max_length=10)
            password1 = CharField(widget=PasswordInput)
            password2 = CharField(widget=PasswordInput)

            def clean_password2(self):
                if self.cleaned_data.get('password1') and self.cleaned_data.get('password2') and self.cleaned_data['password1'] != self.cleaned_data['password2']:
                    raise ValidationError('Please make sure your passwords match.')

                return self.cleaned_data['password2']

        f = UserRegistration(auto_id=False)
        self.assertEqual(f.errors, {})
        f = UserRegistration({}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertEqual(f.errors['username'], ['This field is required.'])
        self.assertEqual(f.errors['password1'], ['This field is required.'])
        self.assertEqual(f.errors['password2'], ['This field is required.'])
        f = UserRegistration({'username': 'adrian', 'password1': 'foo', 'password2': 'bar'}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertEqual(f.errors['password2'], ['Please make sure your passwords match.'])
        f = UserRegistration({'username': 'adrian', 'password1': 'foo', 'password2': 'foo'}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertEqual(f.errors, {})
        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['username'], 'adrian')
        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['password1'], 'foo')
        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['password2'], 'foo')

        # Another way of doing multiple-field validation is by implementing the
        # Form's clean() method. Usually ValidationError raised by that method
        # will not be associated with a particular field and will have a
        # special-case association with the field named '__all__'. It's
        # possible to associate the errors to particular field with the
        # Form.add_error() method or by passing a dictionary that maps each
        # field to one or more errors.
        #
        # Note that in Form.clean(), you have access to self.cleaned_data, a
        # dictionary of all the fields/values that have *not* raised a
        # ValidationError. Also note Form.clean() is required to return a
        # dictionary of all clean data.
        class UserRegistration(Form):
            username = CharField(max_length=10)
            password1 = CharField(widget=PasswordInput)
            password2 = CharField(widget=PasswordInput)

            def clean(self):
                # Test raising a ValidationError as NON_FIELD_ERRORS.
                if self.cleaned_data.get('password1') and self.cleaned_data.get('password2') and self.cleaned_data['password1'] != self.cleaned_data['password2']:
                    raise ValidationError('Please make sure your passwords match.')

                # Test raising ValidationError that targets multiple fields.
                errors = {}
                if self.cleaned_data.get('password1') == 'FORBIDDEN_VALUE':
                    errors['password1'] = 'Forbidden value.'
                if self.cleaned_data.get('password2') == 'FORBIDDEN_VALUE':
                    errors['password2'] = ['Forbidden value.']
                if errors:
                    raise ValidationError(errors)

                # Test Form.add_error()
                if self.cleaned_data.get('password1') == 'FORBIDDEN_VALUE2':
                    self.add_error(None, 'Non-field error 1.')
                    self.add_error('password1', 'Forbidden value 2.')
                if self.cleaned_data.get('password2') == 'FORBIDDEN_VALUE2':
                    self.add_error('password2', 'Forbidden value 2.')
                    raise ValidationError('Non-field error 2.')

                return self.cleaned_data

        f = UserRegistration(auto_id=False)
        self.assertEqual(f.errors, {})

        f = UserRegistration({}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(f.as_table(), """<tr><th>Username:</th><td><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul><input type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" /></td></tr>
<tr><th>Password1:</th><td><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul><input type="password" name="password1" /></td></tr>
<tr><th>Password2:</th><td><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul><input type="password" name="password2" /></td></tr>""")
        self.assertEqual(f.errors['username'], ['This field is required.'])
        self.assertEqual(f.errors['password1'], ['This field is required.'])
        self.assertEqual(f.errors['password2'], ['This field is required.'])

        f = UserRegistration({'username': 'adrian', 'password1': 'foo', 'password2': 'bar'}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertEqual(f.errors['__all__'], ['Please make sure your passwords match.'])
        self.assertHTMLEqual(f.as_table(), """<tr><td colspan="2"><ul class="errorlist"><li>Please make sure your passwords match.</li></ul></td></tr>
<tr><th>Username:</th><td><input type="text" name="username" value="adrian" maxlength="10" /></td></tr>
<tr><th>Password1:</th><td><input type="password" name="password1" /></td></tr>
<tr><th>Password2:</th><td><input type="password" name="password2" /></td></tr>""")
        self.assertHTMLEqual(f.as_ul(), """<li><ul class="errorlist"><li>Please make sure your passwords match.</li></ul></li>
<li>Username: <input type="text" name="username" value="adrian" maxlength="10" /></li>
<li>Password1: <input type="password" name="password1" /></li>
<li>Password2: <input type="password" name="password2" /></li>""")

        f = UserRegistration({'username': 'adrian', 'password1': 'foo', 'password2': 'foo'}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertEqual(f.errors, {})
        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['username'], 'adrian')
        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['password1'], 'foo')
        self.assertEqual(f.cleaned_data['password2'], 'foo')

        f = UserRegistration({'username': 'adrian', 'password1': 'FORBIDDEN_VALUE', 'password2': 'FORBIDDEN_VALUE'}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertEqual(f.errors['password1'], ['Forbidden value.'])
        self.assertEqual(f.errors['password2'], ['Forbidden value.'])

        f = UserRegistration({'username': 'adrian', 'password1': 'FORBIDDEN_VALUE2', 'password2': 'FORBIDDEN_VALUE2'}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertEqual(f.errors['__all__'], ['Non-field error 1.', 'Non-field error 2.'])
        self.assertEqual(f.errors['password1'], ['Forbidden value 2.'])
        self.assertEqual(f.errors['password2'], ['Forbidden value 2.'])

        with six.assertRaisesRegex(self, ValueError, "has no field named"):
            f.add_error('missing_field', 'Some error.')

    def test_dynamic_construction(self):
        # It's possible to construct a Form dynamically by adding to the self.fields
        # dictionary in __init__(). Don't forget to call Form.__init__() within the
        # subclass' __init__().
        class Person(Form):
            first_name = CharField()
            last_name = CharField()

            def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
                super(Person, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
                self.fields['birthday'] = DateField()

        p = Person(auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_table(), """<tr><th>First name:</th><td><input type="text" name="first_name" /></td></tr>
<tr><th>Last name:</th><td><input type="text" name="last_name" /></td></tr>
<tr><th>Birthday:</th><td><input type="text" name="birthday" /></td></tr>""")

        # Instances of a dynamic Form do not persist fields from one Form instance to
        # the next.
        class MyForm(Form):
            def __init__(self, data=None, auto_id=False, field_list=[]):
                Form.__init__(self, data, auto_id=auto_id)

                for field in field_list:
                    self.fields[field[0]] = field[1]

        field_list = [('field1', CharField()), ('field2', CharField())]
        my_form = MyForm(field_list=field_list)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(my_form.as_table(), """<tr><th>Field1:</th><td><input type="text" name="field1" /></td></tr>
<tr><th>Field2:</th><td><input type="text" name="field2" /></td></tr>""")
        field_list = [('field3', CharField()), ('field4', CharField())]
        my_form = MyForm(field_list=field_list)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(my_form.as_table(), """<tr><th>Field3:</th><td><input type="text" name="field3" /></td></tr>
<tr><th>Field4:</th><td><input type="text" name="field4" /></td></tr>""")

        class MyForm(Form):
            default_field_1 = CharField()
            default_field_2 = CharField()

            def __init__(self, data=None, auto_id=False, field_list=[]):
                Form.__init__(self, data, auto_id=auto_id)

                for field in field_list:
                    self.fields[field[0]] = field[1]

        field_list = [('field1', CharField()), ('field2', CharField())]
        my_form = MyForm(field_list=field_list)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(my_form.as_table(), """<tr><th>Default field 1:</th><td><input type="text" name="default_field_1" /></td></tr>
<tr><th>Default field 2:</th><td><input type="text" name="default_field_2" /></td></tr>
<tr><th>Field1:</th><td><input type="text" name="field1" /></td></tr>
<tr><th>Field2:</th><td><input type="text" name="field2" /></td></tr>""")
        field_list = [('field3', CharField()), ('field4', CharField())]
        my_form = MyForm(field_list=field_list)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(my_form.as_table(), """<tr><th>Default field 1:</th><td><input type="text" name="default_field_1" /></td></tr>
<tr><th>Default field 2:</th><td><input type="text" name="default_field_2" /></td></tr>
<tr><th>Field3:</th><td><input type="text" name="field3" /></td></tr>
<tr><th>Field4:</th><td><input type="text" name="field4" /></td></tr>""")

        # Similarly, changes to field attributes do not persist from one Form instance
        # to the next.
        class Person(Form):
            first_name = CharField(required=False)
            last_name = CharField(required=False)

            def __init__(self, names_required=False, *args, **kwargs):
                super(Person, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)

                if names_required:
                    self.fields['first_name'].required = True
                    self.fields['first_name'].widget.attrs['class'] = 'required'
                    self.fields['last_name'].required = True
                    self.fields['last_name'].widget.attrs['class'] = 'required'

        f = Person(names_required=False)
        self.assertEqual(f['first_name'].field.required, f['last_name'].field.required, (False, False))
        self.assertEqual(f['first_name'].field.widget.attrs, f['last_name'].field.widget.attrs, ({}, {}))
        f = Person(names_required=True)
        self.assertEqual(f['first_name'].field.required, f['last_name'].field.required, (True, True))
        self.assertEqual(f['first_name'].field.widget.attrs, f['last_name'].field.widget.attrs, ({'class': 'required'}, {'class': 'required'}))
        f = Person(names_required=False)
        self.assertEqual(f['first_name'].field.required, f['last_name'].field.required, (False, False))
        self.assertEqual(f['first_name'].field.widget.attrs, f['last_name'].field.widget.attrs, ({}, {}))

        class Person(Form):
            first_name = CharField(max_length=30)
            last_name = CharField(max_length=30)

            def __init__(self, name_max_length=None, *args, **kwargs):
                super(Person, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)

                if name_max_length:
                    self.fields['first_name'].max_length = name_max_length
                    self.fields['last_name'].max_length = name_max_length

        f = Person(name_max_length=None)
        self.assertEqual(f['first_name'].field.max_length, f['last_name'].field.max_length, (30, 30))
        f = Person(name_max_length=20)
        self.assertEqual(f['first_name'].field.max_length, f['last_name'].field.max_length, (20, 20))
        f = Person(name_max_length=None)
        self.assertEqual(f['first_name'].field.max_length, f['last_name'].field.max_length, (30, 30))

        # Similarly, choices do not persist from one Form instance to the next.
        # Refs #15127.
        class Person(Form):
            first_name = CharField(required=False)
            last_name = CharField(required=False)
            gender = ChoiceField(choices=(('f', 'Female'), ('m', 'Male')))

            def __init__(self, allow_unspec_gender=False, *args, **kwargs):
                super(Person, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)

                if allow_unspec_gender:
                    self.fields['gender'].choices += (('u', 'Unspecified'),)

        f = Person()
        self.assertEqual(f['gender'].field.choices, [('f', 'Female'), ('m', 'Male')])
        f = Person(allow_unspec_gender=True)
        self.assertEqual(f['gender'].field.choices, [('f', 'Female'), ('m', 'Male'), ('u', 'Unspecified')])
        f = Person()
        self.assertEqual(f['gender'].field.choices, [('f', 'Female'), ('m', 'Male')])

    def test_validators_independence(self):
        """ Test that we are able to modify a form field validators list without polluting
            other forms """
        from django.core.validators import MaxValueValidator

        class MyForm(Form):
            myfield = CharField(max_length=25)

        f1 = MyForm()
        f2 = MyForm()

        f1.fields['myfield'].validators[0] = MaxValueValidator(12)
        self.assertFalse(f1.fields['myfield'].validators[0] == f2.fields['myfield'].validators[0])

    def test_hidden_widget(self):
        # HiddenInput widgets are displayed differently in the as_table(), as_ul())
        # and as_p() output of a Form -- their verbose names are not displayed, and a
        # separate row is not displayed. They're displayed in the last row of the
        # form, directly after that row's form element.
        class Person(Form):
            first_name = CharField()
            last_name = CharField()
            hidden_text = CharField(widget=HiddenInput)
            birthday = DateField()

        p = Person(auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_table(), """<tr><th>First name:</th><td><input type="text" name="first_name" /></td></tr>
<tr><th>Last name:</th><td><input type="text" name="last_name" /></td></tr>
<tr><th>Birthday:</th><td><input type="text" name="birthday" /><input type="hidden" name="hidden_text" /></td></tr>""")
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_ul(), """<li>First name: <input type="text" name="first_name" /></li>
<li>Last name: <input type="text" name="last_name" /></li>
<li>Birthday: <input type="text" name="birthday" /><input type="hidden" name="hidden_text" /></li>""")
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_p(), """<p>First name: <input type="text" name="first_name" /></p>
<p>Last name: <input type="text" name="last_name" /></p>
<p>Birthday: <input type="text" name="birthday" /><input type="hidden" name="hidden_text" /></p>""")

        # With auto_id set, a HiddenInput still gets an ID, but it doesn't get a label.
        p = Person(auto_id='id_%s')
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_table(), """<tr><th><label for="id_first_name">First name:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="first_name" id="id_first_name" /></td></tr>
<tr><th><label for="id_last_name">Last name:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="last_name" id="id_last_name" /></td></tr>
<tr><th><label for="id_birthday">Birthday:</label></th><td><input type="text" name="birthday" id="id_birthday" /><input type="hidden" name="hidden_text" id="id_hidden_text" /></td></tr>""")
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_ul(), """<li><label for="id_first_name">First name:</label> <input type="text" name="first_name" id="id_first_name" /></li>
<li><label for="id_last_name">Last name:</label> <input type="text" name="last_name" id="id_last_name" /></li>
<li><label for="id_birthday">Birthday:</label> <input type="text" name="birthday" id="id_birthday" /><input type="hidden" name="hidden_text" id="id_hidden_text" /></li>""")
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_p(), """<p><label for="id_first_name">First name:</label> <input type="text" name="first_name" id="id_first_name" /></p>
<p><label for="id_last_name">Last name:</label> <input type="text" name="last_name" id="id_last_name" /></p>
<p><label for="id_birthday">Birthday:</label> <input type="text" name="birthday" id="id_birthday" /><input type="hidden" name="hidden_text" id="id_hidden_text" /></p>""")

        # If a field with a HiddenInput has errors, the as_table() and as_ul() output
        # will include the error message(s) with the text "(Hidden field [fieldname]) "
        # prepended. This message is displayed at the top of the output, regardless of
        # its field's order in the form.
        p = Person({'first_name': 'John', 'last_name': 'Lennon', 'birthday': '1940-10-9'}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_table(), """<tr><td colspan="2"><ul class="errorlist"><li>(Hidden field hidden_text) This field is required.</li></ul></td></tr>
<tr><th>First name:</th><td><input type="text" name="first_name" value="John" /></td></tr>
<tr><th>Last name:</th><td><input type="text" name="last_name" value="Lennon" /></td></tr>
<tr><th>Birthday:</th><td><input type="text" name="birthday" value="1940-10-9" /><input type="hidden" name="hidden_text" /></td></tr>""")
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_ul(), """<li><ul class="errorlist"><li>(Hidden field hidden_text) This field is required.</li></ul></li>
<li>First name: <input type="text" name="first_name" value="John" /></li>
<li>Last name: <input type="text" name="last_name" value="Lennon" /></li>
<li>Birthday: <input type="text" name="birthday" value="1940-10-9" /><input type="hidden" name="hidden_text" /></li>""")
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_p(), """<ul class="errorlist"><li>(Hidden field hidden_text) This field is required.</li></ul>
<p>First name: <input type="text" name="first_name" value="John" /></p>
<p>Last name: <input type="text" name="last_name" value="Lennon" /></p>
<p>Birthday: <input type="text" name="birthday" value="1940-10-9" /><input type="hidden" name="hidden_text" /></p>""")

        # A corner case: It's possible for a form to have only HiddenInputs.
        class TestForm(Form):
            foo = CharField(widget=HiddenInput)
            bar = CharField(widget=HiddenInput)

        p = TestForm(auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_table(), '<input type="hidden" name="foo" /><input type="hidden" name="bar" />')
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_ul(), '<input type="hidden" name="foo" /><input type="hidden" name="bar" />')
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_p(), '<input type="hidden" name="foo" /><input type="hidden" name="bar" />')

    def test_field_order(self):
        # A Form's fields are displayed in the same order in which they were defined.
        class TestForm(Form):
            field1 = CharField()
            field2 = CharField()
            field3 = CharField()
            field4 = CharField()
            field5 = CharField()
            field6 = CharField()
            field7 = CharField()
            field8 = CharField()
            field9 = CharField()
            field10 = CharField()
            field11 = CharField()
            field12 = CharField()
            field13 = CharField()
            field14 = CharField()

        p = TestForm(auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_table(), """<tr><th>Field1:</th><td><input type="text" name="field1" /></td></tr>
<tr><th>Field2:</th><td><input type="text" name="field2" /></td></tr>
<tr><th>Field3:</th><td><input type="text" name="field3" /></td></tr>
<tr><th>Field4:</th><td><input type="text" name="field4" /></td></tr>
<tr><th>Field5:</th><td><input type="text" name="field5" /></td></tr>
<tr><th>Field6:</th><td><input type="text" name="field6" /></td></tr>
<tr><th>Field7:</th><td><input type="text" name="field7" /></td></tr>
<tr><th>Field8:</th><td><input type="text" name="field8" /></td></tr>
<tr><th>Field9:</th><td><input type="text" name="field9" /></td></tr>
<tr><th>Field10:</th><td><input type="text" name="field10" /></td></tr>
<tr><th>Field11:</th><td><input type="text" name="field11" /></td></tr>
<tr><th>Field12:</th><td><input type="text" name="field12" /></td></tr>
<tr><th>Field13:</th><td><input type="text" name="field13" /></td></tr>
<tr><th>Field14:</th><td><input type="text" name="field14" /></td></tr>""")

    def test_form_html_attributes(self):
        # Some Field classes have an effect on the HTML attributes of their associated
        # Widget. If you set max_length in a CharField and its associated widget is
        # either a TextInput or PasswordInput, then the widget's rendered HTML will
        # include the "maxlength" attribute.
        class UserRegistration(Form):
            username = CharField(max_length=10)                   # uses TextInput by default
            password = CharField(max_length=10, widget=PasswordInput)
            realname = CharField(max_length=10, widget=TextInput)  # redundantly define widget, just to test
            address = CharField()                                 # no max_length defined here

        p = UserRegistration(auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_ul(), """<li>Username: <input type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" /></li>
<li>Password: <input type="password" name="password" maxlength="10" /></li>
<li>Realname: <input type="text" name="realname" maxlength="10" /></li>
<li>Address: <input type="text" name="address" /></li>""")

        # If you specify a custom "attrs" that includes the "maxlength" attribute,
        # the Field's max_length attribute will override whatever "maxlength" you specify
        # in "attrs".
        class UserRegistration(Form):
            username = CharField(max_length=10, widget=TextInput(attrs={'maxlength': 20}))
            password = CharField(max_length=10, widget=PasswordInput)

        p = UserRegistration(auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_ul(), """<li>Username: <input type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" /></li>
<li>Password: <input type="password" name="password" maxlength="10" /></li>""")

    def test_specifying_labels(self):
        # You can specify the label for a field by using the 'label' argument to a Field
        # class. If you don't specify 'label', Django will use the field name with
        # underscores converted to spaces, and the initial letter capitalized.
        class UserRegistration(Form):
            username = CharField(max_length=10, label='Your username')
            password1 = CharField(widget=PasswordInput)
            password2 = CharField(widget=PasswordInput, label='Contraseña (de nuevo)')

        p = UserRegistration(auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_ul(), """<li>Your username: <input type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" /></li>
<li>Password1: <input type="password" name="password1" /></li>
<li>Contraseña (de nuevo): <input type="password" name="password2" /></li>""")

        # Labels for as_* methods will only end in a colon if they don't end in other
        # punctuation already.
        class Questions(Form):
            q1 = CharField(label='The first question')
            q2 = CharField(label='What is your name?')
            q3 = CharField(label='The answer to life is:')
            q4 = CharField(label='Answer this question!')
            q5 = CharField(label='The last question. Period.')

        self.assertHTMLEqual(Questions(auto_id=False).as_p(), """<p>The first question: <input type="text" name="q1" /></p>
<p>What is your name? <input type="text" name="q2" /></p>
<p>The answer to life is: <input type="text" name="q3" /></p>
<p>Answer this question! <input type="text" name="q4" /></p>
<p>The last question. Period. <input type="text" name="q5" /></p>""")
        self.assertHTMLEqual(Questions().as_p(), """<p><label for="id_q1">The first question:</label> <input type="text" name="q1" id="id_q1" /></p>
<p><label for="id_q2">What is your name?</label> <input type="text" name="q2" id="id_q2" /></p>
<p><label for="id_q3">The answer to life is:</label> <input type="text" name="q3" id="id_q3" /></p>
<p><label for="id_q4">Answer this question!</label> <input type="text" name="q4" id="id_q4" /></p>
<p><label for="id_q5">The last question. Period.</label> <input type="text" name="q5" id="id_q5" /></p>""")

        # If a label is set to the empty string for a field, that field won't get a label.
        class UserRegistration(Form):
            username = CharField(max_length=10, label='')
            password = CharField(widget=PasswordInput)

        p = UserRegistration(auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_ul(), """<li> <input type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" /></li>
<li>Password: <input type="password" name="password" /></li>""")
        p = UserRegistration(auto_id='id_%s')
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_ul(), """<li> <input id="id_username" type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" /></li>
<li><label for="id_password">Password:</label> <input type="password" name="password" id="id_password" /></li>""")

        # If label is None, Django will auto-create the label from the field name. This
        # is default behavior.
        class UserRegistration(Form):
            username = CharField(max_length=10, label=None)
            password = CharField(widget=PasswordInput)

        p = UserRegistration(auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_ul(), """<li>Username: <input type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" /></li>
<li>Password: <input type="password" name="password" /></li>""")
        p = UserRegistration(auto_id='id_%s')
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_ul(), """<li><label for="id_username">Username:</label> <input id="id_username" type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" /></li>
<li><label for="id_password">Password:</label> <input type="password" name="password" id="id_password" /></li>""")

    def test_label_suffix(self):
        # You can specify the 'label_suffix' argument to a Form class to modify the
        # punctuation symbol used at the end of a label.  By default, the colon (:) is
        # used, and is only appended to the label if the label doesn't already end with a
        # punctuation symbol: ., !, ? or :.  If you specify a different suffix, it will
        # be appended regardless of the last character of the label.
        class FavoriteForm(Form):
            color = CharField(label='Favorite color?')
            animal = CharField(label='Favorite animal')

        f = FavoriteForm(auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(f.as_ul(), """<li>Favorite color? <input type="text" name="color" /></li>
<li>Favorite animal: <input type="text" name="animal" /></li>""")
        f = FavoriteForm(auto_id=False, label_suffix='?')
        self.assertHTMLEqual(f.as_ul(), """<li>Favorite color? <input type="text" name="color" /></li>
<li>Favorite animal? <input type="text" name="animal" /></li>""")
        f = FavoriteForm(auto_id=False, label_suffix='')
        self.assertHTMLEqual(f.as_ul(), """<li>Favorite color? <input type="text" name="color" /></li>
<li>Favorite animal <input type="text" name="animal" /></li>""")
        f = FavoriteForm(auto_id=False, label_suffix='\u2192')
        self.assertHTMLEqual(f.as_ul(), '<li>Favorite color? <input type="text" name="color" /></li>\n<li>Favorite animal\u2192 <input type="text" name="animal" /></li>')

    def test_initial_data(self):
        # You can specify initial data for a field by using the 'initial' argument to a
        # Field class. This initial data is displayed when a Form is rendered with *no*
        # data. It is not displayed when a Form is rendered with any data (including an
        # empty dictionary). Also, the initial value is *not* used if data for a
        # particular required field isn't provided.
        class UserRegistration(Form):
            username = CharField(max_length=10, initial='django')
            password = CharField(widget=PasswordInput)

        # Here, we're not submitting any data, so the initial value will be displayed.)
        p = UserRegistration(auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_ul(), """<li>Username: <input type="text" name="username" value="django" maxlength="10" /></li>
<li>Password: <input type="password" name="password" /></li>""")

        # Here, we're submitting data, so the initial value will *not* be displayed.
        p = UserRegistration({}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_ul(), """<li><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>Username: <input type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" /></li>
<li><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>Password: <input type="password" name="password" /></li>""")
        p = UserRegistration({'username': ''}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_ul(), """<li><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>Username: <input type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" /></li>
<li><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>Password: <input type="password" name="password" /></li>""")
        p = UserRegistration({'username': 'foo'}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_ul(), """<li>Username: <input type="text" name="username" value="foo" maxlength="10" /></li>
<li><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>Password: <input type="password" name="password" /></li>""")

        # An 'initial' value is *not* used as a fallback if data is not provided. In this
        # example, we don't provide a value for 'username', and the form raises a
        # validation error rather than using the initial value for 'username'.
        p = UserRegistration({'password': 'secret'})
        self.assertEqual(p.errors['username'], ['This field is required.'])
        self.assertFalse(p.is_valid())

    def test_dynamic_initial_data(self):
        # The previous technique dealt with "hard-coded" initial data, but it's also
        # possible to specify initial data after you've already created the Form class
        # (i.e., at runtime). Use the 'initial' parameter to the Form constructor. This
        # should be a dictionary containing initial values for one or more fields in the
        # form, keyed by field name.
        class UserRegistration(Form):
            username = CharField(max_length=10)
            password = CharField(widget=PasswordInput)

        # Here, we're not submitting any data, so the initial value will be displayed.)
        p = UserRegistration(initial={'username': 'django'}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_ul(), """<li>Username: <input type="text" name="username" value="django" maxlength="10" /></li>
<li>Password: <input type="password" name="password" /></li>""")
        p = UserRegistration(initial={'username': 'stephane'}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_ul(), """<li>Username: <input type="text" name="username" value="stephane" maxlength="10" /></li>
<li>Password: <input type="password" name="password" /></li>""")

        # The 'initial' parameter is meaningless if you pass data.
        p = UserRegistration({}, initial={'username': 'django'}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_ul(), """<li><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>Username: <input type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" /></li>
<li><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>Password: <input type="password" name="password" /></li>""")
        p = UserRegistration({'username': ''}, initial={'username': 'django'}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_ul(), """<li><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>Username: <input type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" /></li>
<li><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>Password: <input type="password" name="password" /></li>""")
        p = UserRegistration({'username': 'foo'}, initial={'username': 'django'}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_ul(), """<li>Username: <input type="text" name="username" value="foo" maxlength="10" /></li>
<li><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>Password: <input type="password" name="password" /></li>""")

        # A dynamic 'initial' value is *not* used as a fallback if data is not provided.
        # In this example, we don't provide a value for 'username', and the form raises a
        # validation error rather than using the initial value for 'username'.
        p = UserRegistration({'password': 'secret'}, initial={'username': 'django'})
        self.assertEqual(p.errors['username'], ['This field is required.'])
        self.assertFalse(p.is_valid())

        # If a Form defines 'initial' *and* 'initial' is passed as a parameter to Form(),
        # then the latter will get precedence.
        class UserRegistration(Form):
            username = CharField(max_length=10, initial='django')
            password = CharField(widget=PasswordInput)

        p = UserRegistration(initial={'username': 'babik'}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_ul(), """<li>Username: <input type="text" name="username" value="babik" maxlength="10" /></li>
<li>Password: <input type="password" name="password" /></li>""")

    def test_callable_initial_data(self):
        # The previous technique dealt with raw values as initial data, but it's also
        # possible to specify callable data.
        class UserRegistration(Form):
            username = CharField(max_length=10)
            password = CharField(widget=PasswordInput)
            options = MultipleChoiceField(choices=[('f', 'foo'), ('b', 'bar'), ('w', 'whiz')])

        # We need to define functions that get called later.)
        def initial_django():
            return 'django'

        def initial_stephane():
            return 'stephane'

        def initial_options():
            return ['f', 'b']

        def initial_other_options():
            return ['b', 'w']

        # Here, we're not submitting any data, so the initial value will be displayed.)
        p = UserRegistration(initial={'username': initial_django, 'options': initial_options}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_ul(), """<li>Username: <input type="text" name="username" value="django" maxlength="10" /></li>
<li>Password: <input type="password" name="password" /></li>
<li>Options: <select multiple="multiple" name="options">
<option value="f" selected="selected">foo</option>
<option value="b" selected="selected">bar</option>
<option value="w">whiz</option>
</select></li>""")

        # The 'initial' parameter is meaningless if you pass data.
        p = UserRegistration({}, initial={'username': initial_django, 'options': initial_options}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_ul(), """<li><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>Username: <input type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" /></li>
<li><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>Password: <input type="password" name="password" /></li>
<li><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>Options: <select multiple="multiple" name="options">
<option value="f">foo</option>
<option value="b">bar</option>
<option value="w">whiz</option>
</select></li>""")
        p = UserRegistration({'username': ''}, initial={'username': initial_django}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_ul(), """<li><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>Username: <input type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" /></li>
<li><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>Password: <input type="password" name="password" /></li>
<li><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>Options: <select multiple="multiple" name="options">
<option value="f">foo</option>
<option value="b">bar</option>
<option value="w">whiz</option>
</select></li>""")
        p = UserRegistration({'username': 'foo', 'options': ['f', 'b']}, initial={'username': initial_django}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_ul(), """<li>Username: <input type="text" name="username" value="foo" maxlength="10" /></li>
<li><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>Password: <input type="password" name="password" /></li>
<li>Options: <select multiple="multiple" name="options">
<option value="f" selected="selected">foo</option>
<option value="b" selected="selected">bar</option>
<option value="w">whiz</option>
</select></li>""")

        # A callable 'initial' value is *not* used as a fallback if data is not provided.
        # In this example, we don't provide a value for 'username', and the form raises a
        # validation error rather than using the initial value for 'username'.
        p = UserRegistration({'password': 'secret'}, initial={'username': initial_django, 'options': initial_options})
        self.assertEqual(p.errors['username'], ['This field is required.'])
        self.assertFalse(p.is_valid())

        # If a Form defines 'initial' *and* 'initial' is passed as a parameter to Form(),
        # then the latter will get precedence.
        class UserRegistration(Form):
            username = CharField(max_length=10, initial=initial_django)
            password = CharField(widget=PasswordInput)
            options = MultipleChoiceField(choices=[('f', 'foo'), ('b', 'bar'), ('w', 'whiz')], initial=initial_other_options)

        p = UserRegistration(auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_ul(), """<li>Username: <input type="text" name="username" value="django" maxlength="10" /></li>
<li>Password: <input type="password" name="password" /></li>
<li>Options: <select multiple="multiple" name="options">
<option value="f">foo</option>
<option value="b" selected="selected">bar</option>
<option value="w" selected="selected">whiz</option>
</select></li>""")
        p = UserRegistration(initial={'username': initial_stephane, 'options': initial_options}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_ul(), """<li>Username: <input type="text" name="username" value="stephane" maxlength="10" /></li>
<li>Password: <input type="password" name="password" /></li>
<li>Options: <select multiple="multiple" name="options">
<option value="f" selected="selected">foo</option>
<option value="b" selected="selected">bar</option>
<option value="w">whiz</option>
</select></li>""")

    def test_changed_data(self):
        class Person(Form):
            first_name = CharField(initial='Hans')
            last_name = CharField(initial='Greatel')
            birthday = DateField(initial=datetime.date(1974, 8, 16))

        p = Person(data={'first_name': 'Hans', 'last_name': 'Scrmbl',
                         'birthday': '1974-08-16'})
        self.assertTrue(p.is_valid())
        self.assertNotIn('first_name', p.changed_data)
        self.assertIn('last_name', p.changed_data)
        self.assertNotIn('birthday', p.changed_data)

        # Test that field raising ValidationError is always in changed_data
        class PedanticField(forms.Field):
            def to_python(self, value):
                raise ValidationError('Whatever')

        class Person2(Person):
            pedantic = PedanticField(initial='whatever', show_hidden_initial=True)

        p = Person2(data={'first_name': 'Hans', 'last_name': 'Scrmbl',
                         'birthday': '1974-08-16', 'initial-pedantic': 'whatever'})
        self.assertFalse(p.is_valid())
        self.assertIn('pedantic', p.changed_data)

    def test_boundfield_values(self):
        # It's possible to get to the value which would be used for rendering
        # the widget for a field by using the BoundField's value method.

        class UserRegistration(Form):
            username = CharField(max_length=10, initial='djangonaut')
            password = CharField(widget=PasswordInput)

        unbound = UserRegistration()
        bound = UserRegistration({'password': 'foo'})
        self.assertEqual(bound['username'].value(), None)
        self.assertEqual(unbound['username'].value(), 'djangonaut')
        self.assertEqual(bound['password'].value(), 'foo')
        self.assertEqual(unbound['password'].value(), None)

    def test_help_text(self):
        # You can specify descriptive text for a field by using the 'help_text' argument)
        class UserRegistration(Form):
            username = CharField(max_length=10, help_text='e.g., user@example.com')
            password = CharField(widget=PasswordInput, help_text='Wählen Sie mit Bedacht.')

        p = UserRegistration(auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_ul(), """<li>Username: <input type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" /> <span class="helptext">e.g., user@example.com</span></li>
<li>Password: <input type="password" name="password" /> <span class="helptext">Wählen Sie mit Bedacht.</span></li>""")
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_p(), """<p>Username: <input type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" /> <span class="helptext">e.g., user@example.com</span></p>
<p>Password: <input type="password" name="password" /> <span class="helptext">Wählen Sie mit Bedacht.</span></p>""")
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_table(), """<tr><th>Username:</th><td><input type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" /><br /><span class="helptext">e.g., user@example.com</span></td></tr>
<tr><th>Password:</th><td><input type="password" name="password" /><br /><span class="helptext">Wählen Sie mit Bedacht.</span></td></tr>""")

        # The help text is displayed whether or not data is provided for the form.
        p = UserRegistration({'username': 'foo'}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_ul(), """<li>Username: <input type="text" name="username" value="foo" maxlength="10" /> <span class="helptext">e.g., user@example.com</span></li>
<li><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>Password: <input type="password" name="password" /> <span class="helptext">Wählen Sie mit Bedacht.</span></li>""")

        # help_text is not displayed for hidden fields. It can be used for documentation
        # purposes, though.
        class UserRegistration(Form):
            username = CharField(max_length=10, help_text='e.g., user@example.com')
            password = CharField(widget=PasswordInput)
            next = CharField(widget=HiddenInput, initial='/', help_text='Redirect destination')

        p = UserRegistration(auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_ul(), """<li>Username: <input type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" /> <span class="helptext">e.g., user@example.com</span></li>
<li>Password: <input type="password" name="password" /><input type="hidden" name="next" value="/" /></li>""")

    def test_subclassing_forms(self):
        # You can subclass a Form to add fields. The resulting form subclass will have
        # all of the fields of the parent Form, plus whichever fields you define in the
        # subclass.
        class Person(Form):
            first_name = CharField()
            last_name = CharField()
            birthday = DateField()

        class Musician(Person):
            instrument = CharField()

        p = Person(auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_ul(), """<li>First name: <input type="text" name="first_name" /></li>
<li>Last name: <input type="text" name="last_name" /></li>
<li>Birthday: <input type="text" name="birthday" /></li>""")
        m = Musician(auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(m.as_ul(), """<li>First name: <input type="text" name="first_name" /></li>
<li>Last name: <input type="text" name="last_name" /></li>
<li>Birthday: <input type="text" name="birthday" /></li>
<li>Instrument: <input type="text" name="instrument" /></li>""")

        # Yes, you can subclass multiple forms. The fields are added in the order in
        # which the parent classes are listed.
        class Person(Form):
            first_name = CharField()
            last_name = CharField()
            birthday = DateField()

        class Instrument(Form):
            instrument = CharField()

        class Beatle(Person, Instrument):
            haircut_type = CharField()

        b = Beatle(auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(b.as_ul(), """<li>Instrument: <input type="text" name="instrument" /></li>
<li>First name: <input type="text" name="first_name" /></li>
<li>Last name: <input type="text" name="last_name" /></li>
<li>Birthday: <input type="text" name="birthday" /></li>
<li>Haircut type: <input type="text" name="haircut_type" /></li>""")

    def test_forms_with_prefixes(self):
        # Sometimes it's necessary to have multiple forms display on the same HTML page,
        # or multiple copies of the same form. We can accomplish this with form prefixes.
        # Pass the keyword argument 'prefix' to the Form constructor to use this feature.
        # This value will be prepended to each HTML form field name. One way to think
        # about this is "namespaces for HTML forms". Notice that in the data argument,
        # each field's key has the prefix, in this case 'person1', prepended to the
        # actual field name.
        class Person(Form):
            first_name = CharField()
            last_name = CharField()
            birthday = DateField()

        data = {
            'person1-first_name': 'John',
            'person1-last_name': 'Lennon',
            'person1-birthday': '1940-10-9'
        }
        p = Person(data, prefix='person1')
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_ul(), """<li><label for="id_person1-first_name">First name:</label> <input type="text" name="person1-first_name" value="John" id="id_person1-first_name" /></li>
<li><label for="id_person1-last_name">Last name:</label> <input type="text" name="person1-last_name" value="Lennon" id="id_person1-last_name" /></li>
<li><label for="id_person1-birthday">Birthday:</label> <input type="text" name="person1-birthday" value="1940-10-9" id="id_person1-birthday" /></li>""")
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(p['first_name']), '<input type="text" name="person1-first_name" value="John" id="id_person1-first_name" />')
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(p['last_name']), '<input type="text" name="person1-last_name" value="Lennon" id="id_person1-last_name" />')
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(p['birthday']), '<input type="text" name="person1-birthday" value="1940-10-9" id="id_person1-birthday" />')
        self.assertEqual(p.errors, {})
        self.assertTrue(p.is_valid())
        self.assertEqual(p.cleaned_data['first_name'], 'John')
        self.assertEqual(p.cleaned_data['last_name'], 'Lennon')
        self.assertEqual(p.cleaned_data['birthday'], datetime.date(1940, 10, 9))

        # Let's try submitting some bad data to make sure form.errors and field.errors
        # work as expected.
        data = {
            'person1-first_name': '',
            'person1-last_name': '',
            'person1-birthday': ''
        }
        p = Person(data, prefix='person1')
        self.assertEqual(p.errors['first_name'], ['This field is required.'])
        self.assertEqual(p.errors['last_name'], ['This field is required.'])
        self.assertEqual(p.errors['birthday'], ['This field is required.'])
        self.assertEqual(p['first_name'].errors, ['This field is required.'])
        try:
            p['person1-first_name'].errors
            self.fail('Attempts to access non-existent fields should fail.')
        except KeyError:
            pass

        # In this example, the data doesn't have a prefix, but the form requires it, so
        # the form doesn't "see" the fields.
        data = {
            'first_name': 'John',
            'last_name': 'Lennon',
            'birthday': '1940-10-9'
        }
        p = Person(data, prefix='person1')
        self.assertEqual(p.errors['first_name'], ['This field is required.'])
        self.assertEqual(p.errors['last_name'], ['This field is required.'])
        self.assertEqual(p.errors['birthday'], ['This field is required.'])

        # With prefixes, a single data dictionary can hold data for multiple instances
        # of the same form.
        data = {
            'person1-first_name': 'John',
            'person1-last_name': 'Lennon',
            'person1-birthday': '1940-10-9',
            'person2-first_name': 'Jim',
            'person2-last_name': 'Morrison',
            'person2-birthday': '1943-12-8'
        }
        p1 = Person(data, prefix='person1')
        self.assertTrue(p1.is_valid())
        self.assertEqual(p1.cleaned_data['first_name'], 'John')
        self.assertEqual(p1.cleaned_data['last_name'], 'Lennon')
        self.assertEqual(p1.cleaned_data['birthday'], datetime.date(1940, 10, 9))
        p2 = Person(data, prefix='person2')
        self.assertTrue(p2.is_valid())
        self.assertEqual(p2.cleaned_data['first_name'], 'Jim')
        self.assertEqual(p2.cleaned_data['last_name'], 'Morrison')
        self.assertEqual(p2.cleaned_data['birthday'], datetime.date(1943, 12, 8))

        # By default, forms append a hyphen between the prefix and the field name, but a
        # form can alter that behavior by implementing the add_prefix() method. This
        # method takes a field name and returns the prefixed field, according to
        # self.prefix.
        class Person(Form):
            first_name = CharField()
            last_name = CharField()
            birthday = DateField()

            def add_prefix(self, field_name):
                return '%s-prefix-%s' % (self.prefix, field_name) if self.prefix else field_name

        p = Person(prefix='foo')
        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_ul(), """<li><label for="id_foo-prefix-first_name">First name:</label> <input type="text" name="foo-prefix-first_name" id="id_foo-prefix-first_name" /></li>
<li><label for="id_foo-prefix-last_name">Last name:</label> <input type="text" name="foo-prefix-last_name" id="id_foo-prefix-last_name" /></li>
<li><label for="id_foo-prefix-birthday">Birthday:</label> <input type="text" name="foo-prefix-birthday" id="id_foo-prefix-birthday" /></li>""")
        data = {
            'foo-prefix-first_name': 'John',
            'foo-prefix-last_name': 'Lennon',
            'foo-prefix-birthday': '1940-10-9'
        }
        p = Person(data, prefix='foo')
        self.assertTrue(p.is_valid())
        self.assertEqual(p.cleaned_data['first_name'], 'John')
        self.assertEqual(p.cleaned_data['last_name'], 'Lennon')
        self.assertEqual(p.cleaned_data['birthday'], datetime.date(1940, 10, 9))

    def test_forms_with_null_boolean(self):
        # NullBooleanField is a bit of a special case because its presentation (widget)
        # is different than its data. This is handled transparently, though.
        class Person(Form):
            name = CharField()
            is_cool = NullBooleanField()

        p = Person({'name': 'Joe'}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(p['is_cool']), """<select name="is_cool">
<option value="1" selected="selected">Unknown</option>
<option value="2">Yes</option>
<option value="3">No</option>
</select>""")
        p = Person({'name': 'Joe', 'is_cool': '1'}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(p['is_cool']), """<select name="is_cool">
<option value="1" selected="selected">Unknown</option>
<option value="2">Yes</option>
<option value="3">No</option>
</select>""")
        p = Person({'name': 'Joe', 'is_cool': '2'}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(p['is_cool']), """<select name="is_cool">
<option value="1">Unknown</option>
<option value="2" selected="selected">Yes</option>
<option value="3">No</option>
</select>""")
        p = Person({'name': 'Joe', 'is_cool': '3'}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(p['is_cool']), """<select name="is_cool">
<option value="1">Unknown</option>
<option value="2">Yes</option>
<option value="3" selected="selected">No</option>
</select>""")
        p = Person({'name': 'Joe', 'is_cool': True}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(p['is_cool']), """<select name="is_cool">
<option value="1">Unknown</option>
<option value="2" selected="selected">Yes</option>
<option value="3">No</option>
</select>""")
        p = Person({'name': 'Joe', 'is_cool': False}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(str(p['is_cool']), """<select name="is_cool">
<option value="1">Unknown</option>
<option value="2">Yes</option>
<option value="3" selected="selected">No</option>
</select>""")

    def test_forms_with_file_fields(self):
        # FileFields are a special case because they take their data from the request.FILES,
        # not request.POST.
        class FileForm(Form):
            file1 = FileField()

        f = FileForm(auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(f.as_table(), '<tr><th>File1:</th><td><input type="file" name="file1" /></td></tr>')

        f = FileForm(data={}, files={}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(f.as_table(), '<tr><th>File1:</th><td><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul><input type="file" name="file1" /></td></tr>')

        f = FileForm(data={}, files={'file1': SimpleUploadedFile('name', b'')}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(f.as_table(), '<tr><th>File1:</th><td><ul class="errorlist"><li>The submitted file is empty.</li></ul><input type="file" name="file1" /></td></tr>')

        f = FileForm(data={}, files={'file1': 'something that is not a file'}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(f.as_table(), '<tr><th>File1:</th><td><ul class="errorlist"><li>No file was submitted. Check the encoding type on the form.</li></ul><input type="file" name="file1" /></td></tr>')

        f = FileForm(data={}, files={'file1': SimpleUploadedFile('name', b'some content')}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(f.as_table(), '<tr><th>File1:</th><td><input type="file" name="file1" /></td></tr>')
        self.assertTrue(f.is_valid())

        f = FileForm(data={}, files={'file1': SimpleUploadedFile('我隻氣墊船裝滿晒鱔.txt', 'मेरी मँडराने वाली नाव सर्पमीनों से भरी ह'.encode('utf-8'))}, auto_id=False)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(f.as_table(), '<tr><th>File1:</th><td><input type="file" name="file1" /></td></tr>')

    def test_basic_processing_in_view(self):
        class UserRegistration(Form):
            username = CharField(max_length=10)
            password1 = CharField(widget=PasswordInput)
            password2 = CharField(widget=PasswordInput)

            def clean(self):
                if self.cleaned_data.get('password1') and self.cleaned_data.get('password2') and self.cleaned_data['password1'] != self.cleaned_data['password2']:
                    raise ValidationError('Please make sure your passwords match.')

                return self.cleaned_data

        def my_function(method, post_data):
            if method == 'POST':
                form = UserRegistration(post_data, auto_id=False)
            else:
                form = UserRegistration(auto_id=False)

            if form.is_valid():
                return 'VALID: %r' % sorted(six.iteritems(form.cleaned_data))

            t = Template('<form action="" method="post">\n<table>\n{{ form }}\n</table>\n<input type="submit" />\n</form>')
            return t.render(Context({'form': form}))

        # Case 1: GET (an empty form, with no errors).)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(my_function('GET', {}), """<form action="" method="post">
<table>
<tr><th>Username:</th><td><input type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" /></td></tr>
<tr><th>Password1:</th><td><input type="password" name="password1" /></td></tr>
<tr><th>Password2:</th><td><input type="password" name="password2" /></td></tr>
</table>
<input type="submit" />
</form>""")
        # Case 2: POST with erroneous data (a redisplayed form, with errors).)
        self.assertHTMLEqual(my_function('POST', {'username': 'this-is-a-long-username', 'password1': 'foo', 'password2': 'bar'}), """<form action="" method="post">
<table>
<tr><td colspan="2"><ul class="errorlist"><li>Please make sure your passwords match.</li></ul></td></tr>
<tr><th>Username:</th><td><ul class="errorlist"><li>Ensure this value has at most 10 characters (it has 23).</li></ul><input type="text" name="username" value="this-is-a-long-username" maxlength="10" /></td></tr>
<tr><th>Password1:</th><td><input type="password" name="password1" /></td></tr>
<tr><th>Password2:</th><td><input type="password" name="password2" /></td></tr>
</table>
<input type="submit" />
</form>""")
        # Case 3: POST with valid data (the success message).)
        self.assertEqual(my_function('POST', {'username': 'adrian', 'password1': 'secret', 'password2': 'secret'}),
                    str_prefix("VALID: [('password1', %(_)s'secret'), ('password2', %(_)s'secret'), ('username', %(_)s'adrian')]"))

    def test_templates_with_forms(self):
        class UserRegistration(Form):
            username = CharField(max_length=10, help_text="Good luck picking a username that doesn't already exist.")
            password1 = CharField(widget=PasswordInput)
            password2 = CharField(widget=PasswordInput)

            def clean(self):
                if self.cleaned_data.get('password1') and self.cleaned_data.get('password2') and self.cleaned_data['password1'] != self.cleaned_data['password2']:
                    raise ValidationError('Please make sure your passwords match.')

                return self.cleaned_data

        # You have full flexibility in displaying form fields in a template. Just pass a
        # Form instance to the template, and use "dot" access to refer to individual
        # fields. Note, however, that this flexibility comes with the responsibility of
        # displaying all the errors, including any that might not be associated with a
        # particular field.
        t = Template('''<form action="">
{{ form.username.errors.as_ul }}<p><label>Your username: {{ form.username }}</label></p>
{{ form.password1.errors.as_ul }}<p><label>Password: {{ form.password1 }}</label></p>
{{ form.password2.errors.as_ul }}<p><label>Password (again): {{ form.password2 }}</label></p>
<input type="submit" />
</form>''')
        self.assertHTMLEqual(t.render(Context({'form': UserRegistration(auto_id=False)})), """<form action="">
<p><label>Your username: <input type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" /></label></p>
<p><label>Password: <input type="password" name="password1" /></label></p>
<p><label>Password (again): <input type="password" name="password2" /></label></p>
<input type="submit" />
</form>""")
        self.assertHTMLEqual(t.render(Context({'form': UserRegistration({'username': 'django'}, auto_id=False)})), """<form action="">
<p><label>Your username: <input type="text" name="username" value="django" maxlength="10" /></label></p>
<ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul><p><label>Password: <input type="password" name="password1" /></label></p>
<ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul><p><label>Password (again): <input type="password" name="password2" /></label></p>
<input type="submit" />
</form>""")

        # Use form.[field].label to output a field's label. You can specify the label for
        # a field by using the 'label' argument to a Field class. If you don't specify
        # 'label', Django will use the field name with underscores converted to spaces,
        # and the initial letter capitalized.
        t = Template('''<form action="">
<p><label>{{ form.username.label }}: {{ form.username }}</label></p>
<p><label>{{ form.password1.label }}: {{ form.password1 }}</label></p>
<p><label>{{ form.password2.label }}: {{ form.password2 }}</label></p>
<input type="submit" />
</form>''')
        self.assertHTMLEqual(t.render(Context({'form': UserRegistration(auto_id=False)})), """<form action="">
<p><label>Username: <input type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" /></label></p>
<p><label>Password1: <input type="password" name="password1" /></label></p>
<p><label>Password2: <input type="password" name="password2" /></label></p>
<input type="submit" />
</form>""")

        # User form.[field].label_tag to output a field's label with a <label> tag
        # wrapped around it, but *only* if the given field has an "id" attribute.
        # Recall from above that passing the "auto_id" argument to a Form gives each
        # field an "id" attribute.
        t = Template('''<form action="">
<p>{{ form.username.label_tag }} {{ form.username }}</p>
<p>{{ form.password1.label_tag }} {{ form.password1 }}</p>
<p>{{ form.password2.label_tag }} {{ form.password2 }}</p>
<input type="submit" />
</form>''')
        self.assertHTMLEqual(t.render(Context({'form': UserRegistration(auto_id=False)})), """<form action="">
<p>Username: <input type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" /></p>
<p>Password1: <input type="password" name="password1" /></p>
<p>Password2: <input type="password" name="password2" /></p>
<input type="submit" />
</form>""")
        self.assertHTMLEqual(t.render(Context({'form': UserRegistration(auto_id='id_%s')})), """<form action="">
<p><label for="id_username">Username:</label> <input id="id_username" type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" /></p>
<p><label for="id_password1">Password1:</label> <input type="password" name="password1" id="id_password1" /></p>
<p><label for="id_password2">Password2:</label> <input type="password" name="password2" id="id_password2" /></p>
<input type="submit" />
</form>""")

        # User form.[field].help_text to output a field's help text. If the given field
        # does not have help text, nothing will be output.
        t = Template('''<form action="">
<p>{{ form.username.label_tag }} {{ form.username }}<br />{{ form.username.help_text }}</p>
<p>{{ form.password1.label_tag }} {{ form.password1 }}</p>
<p>{{ form.password2.label_tag }} {{ form.password2 }}</p>
<input type="submit" />
</form>''')
        self.assertHTMLEqual(t.render(Context({'form': UserRegistration(auto_id=False)})), """<form action="">
<p>Username: <input type="text" name="username" maxlength="10" /><br />Good luck picking a username that doesn&#39;t already exist.</p>
<p>Password1: <input type="password" name="password1" /></p>
<p>Password2: <input type="password" name="password2" /></p>
<input type="submit" />
</form>""")
        self.assertEqual(Template('{{ form.password1.help_text }}').render(Context({'form': UserRegistration(auto_id=False)})), '')

        # To display the errors that aren't associated with a particular field -- e.g.,
        # the errors caused by Form.clean() -- use {{ form.non_field_errors }} in the
        # template. If used on its own, it is displayed as a <ul> (or an empty string, if
        # the list of errors is empty). You can also use it in {% if %} statements.
        t = Template('''<form action="">
{{ form.username.errors.as_ul }}<p><label>Your username: {{ form.username }}</label></p>
{{ form.password1.errors.as_ul }}<p><label>Password: {{ form.password1 }}</label></p>
{{ form.password2.errors.as_ul }}<p><label>Password (again): {{ form.password2 }}</label></p>
<input type="submit" />
</form>''')
        self.assertHTMLEqual(t.render(Context({'form': UserRegistration({'username': 'django', 'password1': 'foo', 'password2': 'bar'}, auto_id=False)})), """<form action="">
<p><label>Your username: <input type="text" name="username" value="django" maxlength="10" /></label></p>
<p><label>Password: <input type="password" name="password1" /></label></p>
<p><label>Password (again): <input type="password" name="password2" /></label></p>
<input type="submit" />
</form>""")
        t = Template('''<form action="">
{{ form.non_field_errors }}
{{ form.username.errors.as_ul }}<p><label>Your username: {{ form.username }}</label></p>
{{ form.password1.errors.as_ul }}<p><label>Password: {{ form.password1 }}</label></p>
{{ form.password2.errors.as_ul }}<p><label>Password (again): {{ form.password2 }}</label></p>
<input type="submit" />
</form>''')
        self.assertHTMLEqual(t.render(Context({'form': UserRegistration({'username': 'django', 'password1': 'foo', 'password2': 'bar'}, auto_id=False)})), """<form action="">
<ul class="errorlist"><li>Please make sure your passwords match.</li></ul>
<p><label>Your username: <input type="text" name="username" value="django" maxlength="10" /></label></p>
<p><label>Password: <input type="password" name="password1" /></label></p>
<p><label>Password (again): <input type="password" name="password2" /></label></p>
<input type="submit" />
</form>""")

    def test_empty_permitted(self):
        # Sometimes (pretty much in formsets) we want to allow a form to pass validation
        # if it is completely empty. We can accomplish this by using the empty_permitted
        # agrument to a form constructor.
        class SongForm(Form):
            artist = CharField()
            name = CharField()

        # First let's show what happens id empty_permitted=False (the default):
        data = {'artist': '', 'song': ''}
        form = SongForm(data, empty_permitted=False)
        self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
        self.assertEqual(form.errors, {'name': ['This field is required.'], 'artist': ['This field is required.']})
        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data, {})

        # Now let's show what happens when empty_permitted=True and the form is empty.
        form = SongForm(data, empty_permitted=True)
        self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
        self.assertEqual(form.errors, {})
        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data, {})

        # But if we fill in data for one of the fields, the form is no longer empty and
        # the whole thing must pass validation.
        data = {'artist': 'The Doors', 'song': ''}
        form = SongForm(data, empty_permitted=False)
        self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
        self.assertEqual(form.errors, {'name': ['This field is required.']})
        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data, {'artist': 'The Doors'})

        # If a field is not given in the data then None is returned for its data. Lets
        # make sure that when checking for empty_permitted that None is treated
        # accordingly.
        data = {'artist': None, 'song': ''}
        form = SongForm(data, empty_permitted=True)
        self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())

        # However, we *really* need to be sure we are checking for None as any data in
        # initial that returns False on a boolean call needs to be treated literally.
        class PriceForm(Form):
            amount = FloatField()
            qty = IntegerField()

        data = {'amount': '0.0', 'qty': ''}
        form = PriceForm(data, initial={'amount': 0.0}, empty_permitted=True)
        self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())

    def test_extracting_hidden_and_visible(self):
        class SongForm(Form):
            token = CharField(widget=HiddenInput)
            artist = CharField()
            name = CharField()

        form = SongForm()
        self.assertEqual([f.name for f in form.hidden_fields()], ['token'])
        self.assertEqual([f.name for f in form.visible_fields()], ['artist', 'name'])

    def test_hidden_initial_gets_id(self):
        class MyForm(Form):
            field1 = CharField(max_length=50, show_hidden_initial=True)

        self.assertHTMLEqual(MyForm().as_table(), '<tr><th><label for="id_field1">Field1:</label></th><td><input id="id_field1" type="text" name="field1" maxlength="50" /><input type="hidden" name="initial-field1" id="initial-id_field1" /></td></tr>')

    def test_error_html_required_html_classes(self):
        class Person(Form):
            name = CharField()
            is_cool = NullBooleanField()
            email = EmailField(required=False)
            age = IntegerField()

        p = Person({})
        p.error_css_class = 'error'
        p.required_css_class = 'required'

        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_ul(), """<li class="required error"><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul><label for="id_name">Name:</label> <input type="text" name="name" id="id_name" /></li>
<li class="required"><label for="id_is_cool">Is cool:</label> <select name="is_cool" id="id_is_cool">
<option value="1" selected="selected">Unknown</option>
<option value="2">Yes</option>
<option value="3">No</option>
</select></li>
<li><label for="id_email">Email:</label> <input type="email" name="email" id="id_email" /></li>
<li class="required error"><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul><label for="id_age">Age:</label> <input type="number" name="age" id="id_age" /></li>""")

        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_p(), """<ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>
<p class="required error"><label for="id_name">Name:</label> <input type="text" name="name" id="id_name" /></p>
<p class="required"><label for="id_is_cool">Is cool:</label> <select name="is_cool" id="id_is_cool">
<option value="1" selected="selected">Unknown</option>
<option value="2">Yes</option>
<option value="3">No</option>
</select></p>
<p><label for="id_email">Email:</label> <input type="email" name="email" id="id_email" /></p>
<ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul>
<p class="required error"><label for="id_age">Age:</label> <input type="number" name="age" id="id_age" /></p>""")

        self.assertHTMLEqual(p.as_table(), """<tr class="required error"><th><label for="id_name">Name:</label></th><td><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul><input type="text" name="name" id="id_name" /></td></tr>
<tr class="required"><th><label for="id_is_cool">Is cool:</label></th><td><select name="is_cool" id="id_is_cool">
<option value="1" selected="selected">Unknown</option>
<option value="2">Yes</option>
<option value="3">No</option>
</select></td></tr>
<tr><th><label for="id_email">Email:</label></th><td><input type="email" name="email" id="id_email" /></td></tr>
<tr class="required error"><th><label for="id_age">Age:</label></th><td><ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul><input type="number" name="age" id="id_age" /></td></tr>""")

    def test_label_split_datetime_not_displayed(self):
        class EventForm(Form):
            happened_at = SplitDateTimeField(widget=widgets.SplitHiddenDateTimeWidget)

        form = EventForm()
        self.assertHTMLEqual(form.as_ul(), '<input type="hidden" name="happened_at_0" id="id_happened_at_0" /><input type="hidden" name="happened_at_1" id="id_happened_at_1" />')

    def test_multivalue_field_validation(self):
        def bad_names(value):
            if value == 'bad value':
                raise ValidationError('bad value not allowed')

        class NameField(MultiValueField):
            def __init__(self, fields=(), *args, **kwargs):
                fields = (CharField(label='First name', max_length=10),
                          CharField(label='Last name', max_length=10))
                super(NameField, self).__init__(fields=fields, *args, **kwargs)

            def compress(self, data_list):
                return ' '.join(data_list)

        class NameForm(Form):
            name = NameField(validators=[bad_names])

        form = NameForm(data={'name': ['bad', 'value']})
        form.full_clean()
        self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
        self.assertEqual(form.errors, {'name': ['bad value not allowed']})
        form = NameForm(data={'name': ['should be overly', 'long for the field names']})
        self.assertFalse(form.is_valid())
        self.assertEqual(form.errors, {'name': ['Ensure this value has at most 10 characters (it has 16).',
                                                'Ensure this value has at most 10 characters (it has 24).']})
        form = NameForm(data={'name': ['fname', 'lname']})
        self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())
        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data, {'name': 'fname lname'})

    def test_multivalue_deep_copy(self):
        """
        #19298 -- MultiValueField needs to override the default as it needs
        to deep-copy subfields:
        """
        class ChoicesField(MultiValueField):
            def __init__(self, fields=(), *args, **kwargs):
                fields = (ChoiceField(label='Rank',
                           choices=((1, 1), (2, 2))),
                          CharField(label='Name', max_length=10))
                super(ChoicesField, self).__init__(fields=fields, *args, **kwargs)

        field = ChoicesField()
        field2 = copy.deepcopy(field)
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(field2, ChoicesField))
        self.assertFalse(id(field2.fields) == id(field.fields))
        self.assertFalse(id(field2.fields[0].choices) ==
                         id(field.fields[0].choices))

    def test_multivalue_optional_subfields(self):
        class PhoneField(MultiValueField):
            def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
                fields = (
                    CharField(label='Country Code', validators=[
                        RegexValidator(r'^\+\d{1,2}$', message='Enter a valid country code.')]),
                    CharField(label='Phone Number'),
                    CharField(label='Extension', error_messages={'incomplete': 'Enter an extension.'}),
                    CharField(label='Label', required=False, help_text='E.g. home, work.'),
                )
                super(PhoneField, self).__init__(fields, *args, **kwargs)

            def compress(self, data_list):
                if data_list:
                    return '%s.%s ext. %s (label: %s)' % tuple(data_list)
                return None

        # An empty value for any field will raise a `required` error on a
        # required `MultiValueField`.
        f = PhoneField()
        self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'", f.clean, '')
        self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'", f.clean, None)
        self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'", f.clean, [])
        self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'", f.clean, ['+61'])
        self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'", f.clean, ['+61', '287654321', '123'])
        self.assertEqual('+61.287654321 ext. 123 (label: Home)', f.clean(['+61', '287654321', '123', 'Home']))
        self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError,
            "'Enter a valid country code.'", f.clean, ['61', '287654321', '123', 'Home'])

        # Empty values for fields will NOT raise a `required` error on an
        # optional `MultiValueField`
        f = PhoneField(required=False)
        self.assertEqual(None, f.clean(''))
        self.assertEqual(None, f.clean(None))
        self.assertEqual(None, f.clean([]))
        self.assertEqual('+61. ext.  (label: )', f.clean(['+61']))
        self.assertEqual('+61.287654321 ext. 123 (label: )', f.clean(['+61', '287654321', '123']))
        self.assertEqual('+61.287654321 ext. 123 (label: Home)', f.clean(['+61', '287654321', '123', 'Home']))
        self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError,
            "'Enter a valid country code.'", f.clean, ['61', '287654321', '123', 'Home'])

        # For a required `MultiValueField` with `require_all_fields=False`, a
        # `required` error will only be raised if all fields are empty. Fields
        # can individually be required or optional. An empty value for any
        # required field will raise an `incomplete` error.
        f = PhoneField(require_all_fields=False)
        self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'", f.clean, '')
        self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'", f.clean, None)
        self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'This field is required.'", f.clean, [])
        self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a complete value.'", f.clean, ['+61'])
        self.assertEqual('+61.287654321 ext. 123 (label: )', f.clean(['+61', '287654321', '123']))
        six.assertRaisesRegex(self, ValidationError,
            "'Enter a complete value\.', u?'Enter an extension\.'", f.clean, ['', '', '', 'Home'])
        self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError,
            "'Enter a valid country code.'", f.clean, ['61', '287654321', '123', 'Home'])

        # For an optional `MultiValueField` with `require_all_fields=False`, we
        # don't get any `required` error but we still get `incomplete` errors.
        f = PhoneField(required=False, require_all_fields=False)
        self.assertEqual(None, f.clean(''))
        self.assertEqual(None, f.clean(None))
        self.assertEqual(None, f.clean([]))
        self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError, "'Enter a complete value.'", f.clean, ['+61'])
        self.assertEqual('+61.287654321 ext. 123 (label: )', f.clean(['+61', '287654321', '123']))
        six.assertRaisesRegex(self, ValidationError,
            "'Enter a complete value\.', u?'Enter an extension\.'", f.clean, ['', '', '', 'Home'])
        self.assertRaisesMessage(ValidationError,
            "'Enter a valid country code.'", f.clean, ['61', '287654321', '123', 'Home'])

    def test_custom_empty_values(self):
        """
        Test that form fields can customize what is considered as an empty value
        for themselves (#19997).
        """
        class CustomJSONField(CharField):
            empty_values = [None, '']

            def to_python(self, value):
                # Fake json.loads
                if value == '{}':
                    return {}
                return super(CustomJSONField, self).to_python(value)

        class JSONForm(forms.Form):
            json = CustomJSONField()

        form = JSONForm(data={'json': '{}'})
        form.full_clean()
        self.assertEqual(form.cleaned_data, {'json': {}})

    def test_boundfield_label_tag(self):
        class SomeForm(Form):
            field = CharField()
        boundfield = SomeForm()['field']

        testcases = [  # (args, kwargs, expected)
            # without anything: just print the <label>
            ((), {}, '<label for="id_field">Field:</label>'),

            # passing just one argument: overrides the field's label
            (('custom',), {}, '<label for="id_field">custom:</label>'),

            # the overridden label is escaped
            (('custom&',), {}, '<label for="id_field">custom&amp;:</label>'),
            ((mark_safe('custom&'),), {}, '<label for="id_field">custom&:</label>'),

            # Passing attrs to add extra attributes on the <label>
            ((), {'attrs': {'class': 'pretty'}}, '<label for="id_field" class="pretty">Field:</label>')
        ]

        for args, kwargs, expected in testcases:
            self.assertHTMLEqual(boundfield.label_tag(*args, **kwargs), expected)

    def test_boundfield_label_tag_no_id(self):
        """
        If a widget has no id, label_tag just returns the text with no
        surrounding <label>.
        """
        class SomeForm(Form):
            field = CharField()
        boundfield = SomeForm(auto_id='')['field']

        self.assertHTMLEqual(boundfield.label_tag(), 'Field:')
        self.assertHTMLEqual(boundfield.label_tag('Custom&'), 'Custom&amp;:')

    def test_boundfield_label_tag_custom_widget_id_for_label(self):
        class CustomIdForLabelTextInput(TextInput):
            def id_for_label(self, id):
                return 'custom_' + id

        class EmptyIdForLabelTextInput(TextInput):
            def id_for_label(self, id):
                return None

        class SomeForm(Form):
            custom = CharField(widget=CustomIdForLabelTextInput)
            empty = CharField(widget=EmptyIdForLabelTextInput)

        form = SomeForm()
        self.assertHTMLEqual(form['custom'].label_tag(), '<label for="custom_id_custom">Custom:</label>')
        self.assertHTMLEqual(form['empty'].label_tag(), '<label>Empty:</label>')

    def test_boundfield_empty_label(self):
        class SomeForm(Form):
            field = CharField(label='')
        boundfield = SomeForm()['field']

        self.assertHTMLEqual(boundfield.label_tag(), '<label for="id_field"></label>')

    def test_label_tag_override(self):
        """
        BoundField label_suffix (if provided) overrides Form label_suffix
        """
        class SomeForm(Form):
            field = CharField()
        boundfield = SomeForm(label_suffix='!')['field']

        self.assertHTMLEqual(boundfield.label_tag(label_suffix='$'), '<label for="id_field">Field$</label>')

    def test_field_name(self):
        """#5749 - `field_name` may be used as a key in _html_output()."""
        class SomeForm(Form):
            some_field = CharField()

            def as_p(self):
                return self._html_output('<p id="p_%(field_name)s"></p>', '%s', '</p>', ' %s', True)

        form = SomeForm()
        self.assertHTMLEqual(form.as_p(), '<p id="p_some_field"></p>')

    def test_error_dict(self):
        class MyForm(Form):
            foo = CharField()
            bar = CharField()

            def clean(self):
                raise ValidationError('Non-field error.', code='secret', params={'a': 1, 'b': 2})

        form = MyForm({})
        self.assertEqual(form.is_valid(), False)

        errors = form.errors.as_text()
        control = [
            '* foo\n  * This field is required.',
            '* bar\n  * This field is required.',
            '* __all__\n  * Non-field error.',
        ]
        for error in control:
            self.assertIn(error, errors)

        errors = form.errors.as_ul()
        control = [
            '<li>foo<ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul></li>',
            '<li>bar<ul class="errorlist"><li>This field is required.</li></ul></li>',
            '<li>__all__<ul class="errorlist"><li>Non-field error.</li></ul></li>',
        ]
        for error in control:
            self.assertInHTML(error, errors)

        errors = json.loads(form.errors.as_json())
        control = {
            'foo': [{'code': 'required', 'message': 'This field is required.'}],
            'bar': [{'code': 'required', 'message': 'This field is required.'}],
            '__all__': [{'code': 'secret', 'message': 'Non-field error.'}]
        }
        self.assertEqual(errors, control)

    def test_error_list(self):
        e = ErrorList()
        e.append('Foo')
        e.append(ValidationError('Foo%(bar)s', code='foobar', params={'bar': 'bar'}))

        self.assertTrue(isinstance(e, list))
        self.assertIn('Foo', e)
        self.assertIn('Foo', forms.ValidationError(e))

        self.assertEqual(
            e.as_text(),
            '* Foo\n* Foobar'
        )

        self.assertEqual(
            e.as_ul(),
            '<ul class="errorlist"><li>Foo</li><li>Foobar</li></ul>'
        )

        self.assertEqual(
            json.loads(e.as_json()),
            [{"message": "Foo", "code": ""}, {"message": "Foobar", "code": "foobar"}]
        )
