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Doc/lib/libtime.tex
Dosyayı görüntüle @ 2cfc835b
\section{Built-in Module \sectcode{time}} \section{Built-in Module \sectcode{time}}
\label{module-time} \label{module-time}
\bimodindex{time} \bimodindex{time}
This module provides various time-related functions. This module provides various time-related functions.
It is always available. It is always available.
...@@ -10,19 +10,24 @@ An explanation of some terminology and conventions is in order. ...@@ -10,19 +10,24 @@ An explanation of some terminology and conventions is in order.
\begin{itemize} \begin{itemize}
\item \item
The ``epoch'' is the point where the time starts. On January 1st of that \index{epoch}
The \dfn{epoch} is the point where the time starts. On January 1st of that
year, at 0 hours, the ``time since the epoch'' is zero. For \UNIX{}, the year, at 0 hours, the ``time since the epoch'' is zero. For \UNIX{}, the
epoch is 1970. To find out what the epoch is, look at \code{gmtime(0)}. epoch is 1970. To find out what the epoch is, look at \code{gmtime(0)}.
\item \item
\index{UTC}
\index{Coordinated Universal Time}
\index{Greenwich Mean Time}
UTC is Coordinated Universal Time (formerly known as Greenwich Mean UTC is Coordinated Universal Time (formerly known as Greenwich Mean
Time). The acronym UTC is not a mistake but a compromise between Time). The acronym UTC is not a mistake but a compromise between
English and French. English and French.
\item \item
\index{Daylight Saving Time}
DST is Daylight Saving Time, an adjustment of the timezone by DST is Daylight Saving Time, an adjustment of the timezone by
(usually) one hour during part of the year. DST rules are magic (usually) one hour during part of the year. DST rules are magic
(determined by local law) and can change from year to year. The C (determined by local law) and can change from year to year. The \C{}
library has a table containing the local rules (often it is read from library has a table containing the local rules (often it is read from
a system file for flexibility) and is the only source of True Wisdom a system file for flexibility) and is the only source of True Wisdom
in this respect. in this respect.
...@@ -34,31 +39,30 @@ E.g.\ on most \UNIX{} systems, the clock ``ticks'' only 50 or 100 times a ...@@ -34,31 +39,30 @@ E.g.\ on most \UNIX{} systems, the clock ``ticks'' only 50 or 100 times a
second, and on the Mac, times are only accurate to whole seconds. second, and on the Mac, times are only accurate to whole seconds.
\item \item
On the other hand, the precision of \code{time()} and \code{sleep()} On the other hand, the precision of \function{time()} and
is better than their \UNIX{} equivalents: times are expressed as floating \function{sleep()} is better than their \UNIX{} equivalents: times are
point numbers, \code{time()} returns the most accurate time available expressed as floating point numbers, \function{time()} returns the
(using \UNIX{} \code{gettimeofday()} where available), and \code{sleep()} most accurate time available (using \UNIX{} \cfunction{gettimeofday()}
will accept a time with a nonzero fraction (\UNIX{} \code{select()} is where available), and \function{sleep()} will accept a time with a
used to implement this, where available). nonzero fraction (\UNIX{} \cfunction{select()} is used to implement
this, where available).
\item \item
The time tuple as returned by \code{gmtime()} and \code{localtime()}, The time tuple as returned by \function{gmtime()} and
or as accpted by \code{mktime()} is a tuple of 9 \function{localtime()}, or as accpted by \function{mktime()} is a
integers: year (e.g.\ 1993), month (1--12), day (1--31), hour tuple of 9 integers: year (e.g.\ 1993), month (1--12), day (1--31),
(0--23), minute (0--59), second (0--59), weekday (0--6, monday is 0), hour (0--23), minute (0--59), second (0--59), weekday (0--6, monday is
Julian day (1--366) and daylight savings flag (-1, 0 or 1). 0), Julian day (1--366) and daylight savings flag (-1, 0 or 1).
Note that unlike the C structure, the month value is a range of 1-12, not Note that unlike the \C{} structure, the month value is a range of 1-12, not
0-11. A year value less than 100 will typically be silently converted to 0-11. A year value less than 100 will typically be silently converted to
1900 plus the year value. A -1 argument as daylight savings flag, passed to 1900 plus the year value. A \code{-1} argument as daylight savings
\code{mktime()} will usually result in the correct daylight savings flag, passed to \function{mktime()} will usually result in the correct
state to be filled in. daylight savings state to be filled in.
\end{itemize} \end{itemize}
The module defines the following functions and data items: The module defines the following functions and data items:
\setindexsubitem{(in module time)}
\begin{datadesc}{altzone} \begin{datadesc}{altzone}
The offset of the local DST timezone, in seconds west of the 0th The offset of the local DST timezone, in seconds west of the 0th
...@@ -77,15 +81,15 @@ the same name, there is no trailing newline. ...@@ -77,15 +81,15 @@ the same name, there is no trailing newline.
\begin{funcdesc}{clock}{} \begin{funcdesc}{clock}{}
Return the current CPU time as a floating point number expressed in Return the current CPU time as a floating point number expressed in
seconds. The precision, and in fact the very definiton of the meaning seconds. The precision, and in fact the very definiton of the meaning
of ``CPU time'', depends on that of the C function of the same name, of ``CPU time''\index{CPU time}, depends on that of the \C{} function
but in any case, this is the function to use for benchmarking Python of the same name, but in any case, this is the function to use for
or timing algorithms. benchmarking\index{benchmarking} Python or timing algorithms.
\end{funcdesc} \end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{ctime}{secs} \begin{funcdesc}{ctime}{secs}
Convert a time expressed in seconds since the epoch to a string Convert a time expressed in seconds since the epoch to a string
representing local time. \code{ctime(t)} is equivalent to representing local time. \code{ctime(\var{secs})} is equivalent to
\code{asctime(localtime(t))}. \code{asctime(localtime(\var{secs}))}.
\end{funcdesc} \end{funcdesc}
\begin{datadesc}{daylight} \begin{datadesc}{daylight}
...@@ -99,17 +103,18 @@ ignored. ...@@ -99,17 +103,18 @@ ignored.
\end{funcdesc} \end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{localtime}{secs} \begin{funcdesc}{localtime}{secs}
Like \code{gmtime} but converts to local time. The dst flag is set Like \function{gmtime()} but converts to local time. The dst flag is
to 1 when DST applies to the given time. set to \code{1} when DST applies to the given time.
\end{funcdesc} \end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{mktime}{tuple} \begin{funcdesc}{mktime}{tuple}
This is the inverse function of \code{localtime}. Its argument is the This is the inverse function of \code{localtime}. Its argument is the
full 9-tuple (since the dst flag is needed --- pass -1 as the dst flag if full 9-tuple (since the dst flag is needed --- pass \code{-1} as the
it is unknown) which expresses the time dst flag if it is unknown) which expresses the time
in \emph{local} time, not UTC. It returns a floating in \emph{local} time, not UTC. It returns a floating
point number, for compatibility with \code{time.time()}. If the input point number, for compatibility with \function{time()}. If the input
value can't be represented as a valid time, OverflowError is raised. value cannot be represented as a valid time, \exception{OverflowError}
is raised.
\end{funcdesc} \end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{sleep}{secs} \begin{funcdesc}{sleep}{secs}
...@@ -125,41 +130,41 @@ The following directives, shown without the optional field width and ...@@ -125,41 +130,41 @@ The following directives, shown without the optional field width and
precision specification, are replaced by the indicated characters: precision specification, are replaced by the indicated characters:
\begin{tableii}{|c|p{24em}|}{code}{Directive}{Meaning} \begin{tableii}{|c|p{24em}|}{code}{Directive}{Meaning}
\lineii{\%a}{Locale's abbreviated weekday name.} \lineii{\%a}{Locale's abbreviated weekday name.}
\lineii{\%A}{Locale's full weekday name.} \lineii{\%A}{Locale's full weekday name.}
\lineii{\%b}{Locale's abbreviated month name.} \lineii{\%b}{Locale's abbreviated month name.}
\lineii{\%B}{Locale's full month name.} \lineii{\%B}{Locale's full month name.}
\lineii{\%c}{Locale's appropriate date and time representation.} \lineii{\%c}{Locale's appropriate date and time representation.}
\lineii{\%d}{Day of the month as a decimal number [01,31].} \lineii{\%d}{Day of the month as a decimal number [01,31].}
\lineii{\%H}{Hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number [00,23].} \lineii{\%H}{Hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number [00,23].}
\lineii{\%I}{Hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number [01,12].} \lineii{\%I}{Hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number [01,12].}
\lineii{\%j}{Day of the year as a decimal number [001,366].} \lineii{\%j}{Day of the year as a decimal number [001,366].}
\lineii{\%m}{Month as a decimal number [01,12].} \lineii{\%m}{Month as a decimal number [01,12].}
\lineii{\%M}{Minute as a decimal number [00,59].} \lineii{\%M}{Minute as a decimal number [00,59].}
\lineii{\%p}{Locale's equivalent of either AM or PM.} \lineii{\%p}{Locale's equivalent of either AM or PM.}
\lineii{\%S}{Second as a decimal number [00,61].} \lineii{\%S}{Second as a decimal number [00,61].}
\lineii{\%U}{Week number of the year (Sunday as the first day of the \lineii{\%U}{Week number of the year (Sunday as the first day of the
week) as a decimal number [00,53]. All days in a new year week) as a decimal number [00,53]. All days in a new year
preceding the first Sunday are considered to be in week 0.} preceding the first Sunday are considered to be in week 0.}
\lineii{\%w}{Weekday as a decimal number [0(Sunday),6].} \lineii{\%w}{Weekday as a decimal number [0(Sunday),6].}
\lineii{\%W}{Week number of the year (Monday as the first day of the \lineii{\%W}{Week number of the year (Monday as the first day of the
week) as a decimal number [00,53]. All days in a new year week) as a decimal number [00,53]. All days in a new year
preceding the first Sunday are considered to be in week 0.} preceding the first Sunday are considered to be in week 0.}
\lineii{\%x}{Locale's appropriate date representation.} \lineii{\%x}{Locale's appropriate date representation.}
\lineii{\%X}{Locale's appropriate time representation.} \lineii{\%X}{Locale's appropriate time representation.}
\lineii{\%y}{Year without century as a decimal number [00,99].} \lineii{\%y}{Year without century as a decimal number [00,99].}
\lineii{\%Y}{Year with century as a decimal number.} \lineii{\%Y}{Year with century as a decimal number.}
\lineii{\%Z}{Time zone name (or by no characters if no time zone exists).} \lineii{\%Z}{Time zone name (or by no characters if no time zone exists).}
\lineii{\%\%}{\%} \lineii{\%\%}{\%}
\end{tableii} \end{tableii}
Additional directives may be supported on certain platforms, but Additional directives may be supported on certain platforms, but
only the ones listed here have a meaning standardized by ANSI C. only the ones listed here have a meaning standardized by ANSI C.
On some platforms, an optional field width and precision On some platforms, an optional field width and precision
specification can immediately follow the initial \% of a specification can immediately follow the initial \code{\%} of a
directive in the following order; this is also not portable. directive in the following order; this is also not portable.
The field width is normally 2 except for \%j where it is 3. The field width is normally 2 except for \code{\%j} where it is 3.
\end{funcdesc} \end{funcdesc}
......
Doc/libtime.tex
Dosyayı görüntüle @ 2cfc835b
\section{Built-in Module \sectcode{time}} \section{Built-in Module \sectcode{time}}
\label{module-time} \label{module-time}
\bimodindex{time} \bimodindex{time}
This module provides various time-related functions. This module provides various time-related functions.
It is always available. It is always available.
...@@ -10,19 +10,24 @@ An explanation of some terminology and conventions is in order. ...@@ -10,19 +10,24 @@ An explanation of some terminology and conventions is in order.
\begin{itemize} \begin{itemize}
\item \item
The ``epoch'' is the point where the time starts. On January 1st of that \index{epoch}
The \dfn{epoch} is the point where the time starts. On January 1st of that
year, at 0 hours, the ``time since the epoch'' is zero. For \UNIX{}, the year, at 0 hours, the ``time since the epoch'' is zero. For \UNIX{}, the
epoch is 1970. To find out what the epoch is, look at \code{gmtime(0)}. epoch is 1970. To find out what the epoch is, look at \code{gmtime(0)}.
\item \item
\index{UTC}
\index{Coordinated Universal Time}
\index{Greenwich Mean Time}
UTC is Coordinated Universal Time (formerly known as Greenwich Mean UTC is Coordinated Universal Time (formerly known as Greenwich Mean
Time). The acronym UTC is not a mistake but a compromise between Time). The acronym UTC is not a mistake but a compromise between
English and French. English and French.
\item \item
\index{Daylight Saving Time}
DST is Daylight Saving Time, an adjustment of the timezone by DST is Daylight Saving Time, an adjustment of the timezone by
(usually) one hour during part of the year. DST rules are magic (usually) one hour during part of the year. DST rules are magic
(determined by local law) and can change from year to year. The C (determined by local law) and can change from year to year. The \C{}
library has a table containing the local rules (often it is read from library has a table containing the local rules (often it is read from
a system file for flexibility) and is the only source of True Wisdom a system file for flexibility) and is the only source of True Wisdom
in this respect. in this respect.
...@@ -34,31 +39,30 @@ E.g.\ on most \UNIX{} systems, the clock ``ticks'' only 50 or 100 times a ...@@ -34,31 +39,30 @@ E.g.\ on most \UNIX{} systems, the clock ``ticks'' only 50 or 100 times a
second, and on the Mac, times are only accurate to whole seconds. second, and on the Mac, times are only accurate to whole seconds.
\item \item
On the other hand, the precision of \code{time()} and \code{sleep()} On the other hand, the precision of \function{time()} and
is better than their \UNIX{} equivalents: times are expressed as floating \function{sleep()} is better than their \UNIX{} equivalents: times are
point numbers, \code{time()} returns the most accurate time available expressed as floating point numbers, \function{time()} returns the
(using \UNIX{} \code{gettimeofday()} where available), and \code{sleep()} most accurate time available (using \UNIX{} \cfunction{gettimeofday()}
will accept a time with a nonzero fraction (\UNIX{} \code{select()} is where available), and \function{sleep()} will accept a time with a
used to implement this, where available). nonzero fraction (\UNIX{} \cfunction{select()} is used to implement
this, where available).
\item \item
The time tuple as returned by \code{gmtime()} and \code{localtime()}, The time tuple as returned by \function{gmtime()} and
or as accpted by \code{mktime()} is a tuple of 9 \function{localtime()}, or as accpted by \function{mktime()} is a
integers: year (e.g.\ 1993), month (1--12), day (1--31), hour tuple of 9 integers: year (e.g.\ 1993), month (1--12), day (1--31),
(0--23), minute (0--59), second (0--59), weekday (0--6, monday is 0), hour (0--23), minute (0--59), second (0--59), weekday (0--6, monday is
Julian day (1--366) and daylight savings flag (-1, 0 or 1). 0), Julian day (1--366) and daylight savings flag (-1, 0 or 1).
Note that unlike the C structure, the month value is a range of 1-12, not Note that unlike the \C{} structure, the month value is a range of 1-12, not
0-11. A year value less than 100 will typically be silently converted to 0-11. A year value less than 100 will typically be silently converted to
1900 plus the year value. A -1 argument as daylight savings flag, passed to 1900 plus the year value. A \code{-1} argument as daylight savings
\code{mktime()} will usually result in the correct daylight savings flag, passed to \function{mktime()} will usually result in the correct
state to be filled in. daylight savings state to be filled in.
\end{itemize} \end{itemize}
The module defines the following functions and data items: The module defines the following functions and data items:
\setindexsubitem{(in module time)}
\begin{datadesc}{altzone} \begin{datadesc}{altzone}
The offset of the local DST timezone, in seconds west of the 0th The offset of the local DST timezone, in seconds west of the 0th
...@@ -77,15 +81,15 @@ the same name, there is no trailing newline. ...@@ -77,15 +81,15 @@ the same name, there is no trailing newline.
\begin{funcdesc}{clock}{} \begin{funcdesc}{clock}{}
Return the current CPU time as a floating point number expressed in Return the current CPU time as a floating point number expressed in
seconds. The precision, and in fact the very definiton of the meaning seconds. The precision, and in fact the very definiton of the meaning
of ``CPU time'', depends on that of the C function of the same name, of ``CPU time''\index{CPU time}, depends on that of the \C{} function
but in any case, this is the function to use for benchmarking Python of the same name, but in any case, this is the function to use for
or timing algorithms. benchmarking\index{benchmarking} Python or timing algorithms.
\end{funcdesc} \end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{ctime}{secs} \begin{funcdesc}{ctime}{secs}
Convert a time expressed in seconds since the epoch to a string Convert a time expressed in seconds since the epoch to a string
representing local time. \code{ctime(t)} is equivalent to representing local time. \code{ctime(\var{secs})} is equivalent to
\code{asctime(localtime(t))}. \code{asctime(localtime(\var{secs}))}.
\end{funcdesc} \end{funcdesc}
\begin{datadesc}{daylight} \begin{datadesc}{daylight}
...@@ -99,17 +103,18 @@ ignored. ...@@ -99,17 +103,18 @@ ignored.
\end{funcdesc} \end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{localtime}{secs} \begin{funcdesc}{localtime}{secs}
Like \code{gmtime} but converts to local time. The dst flag is set Like \function{gmtime()} but converts to local time. The dst flag is
to 1 when DST applies to the given time. set to \code{1} when DST applies to the given time.
\end{funcdesc} \end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{mktime}{tuple} \begin{funcdesc}{mktime}{tuple}
This is the inverse function of \code{localtime}. Its argument is the This is the inverse function of \code{localtime}. Its argument is the
full 9-tuple (since the dst flag is needed --- pass -1 as the dst flag if full 9-tuple (since the dst flag is needed --- pass \code{-1} as the
it is unknown) which expresses the time dst flag if it is unknown) which expresses the time
in \emph{local} time, not UTC. It returns a floating in \emph{local} time, not UTC. It returns a floating
point number, for compatibility with \code{time.time()}. If the input point number, for compatibility with \function{time()}. If the input
value can't be represented as a valid time, OverflowError is raised. value cannot be represented as a valid time, \exception{OverflowError}
is raised.
\end{funcdesc} \end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{sleep}{secs} \begin{funcdesc}{sleep}{secs}
...@@ -125,41 +130,41 @@ The following directives, shown without the optional field width and ...@@ -125,41 +130,41 @@ The following directives, shown without the optional field width and
precision specification, are replaced by the indicated characters: precision specification, are replaced by the indicated characters:
\begin{tableii}{|c|p{24em}|}{code}{Directive}{Meaning} \begin{tableii}{|c|p{24em}|}{code}{Directive}{Meaning}
\lineii{\%a}{Locale's abbreviated weekday name.} \lineii{\%a}{Locale's abbreviated weekday name.}
\lineii{\%A}{Locale's full weekday name.} \lineii{\%A}{Locale's full weekday name.}
\lineii{\%b}{Locale's abbreviated month name.} \lineii{\%b}{Locale's abbreviated month name.}
\lineii{\%B}{Locale's full month name.} \lineii{\%B}{Locale's full month name.}
\lineii{\%c}{Locale's appropriate date and time representation.} \lineii{\%c}{Locale's appropriate date and time representation.}
\lineii{\%d}{Day of the month as a decimal number [01,31].} \lineii{\%d}{Day of the month as a decimal number [01,31].}
\lineii{\%H}{Hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number [00,23].} \lineii{\%H}{Hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number [00,23].}
\lineii{\%I}{Hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number [01,12].} \lineii{\%I}{Hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number [01,12].}
\lineii{\%j}{Day of the year as a decimal number [001,366].} \lineii{\%j}{Day of the year as a decimal number [001,366].}
\lineii{\%m}{Month as a decimal number [01,12].} \lineii{\%m}{Month as a decimal number [01,12].}
\lineii{\%M}{Minute as a decimal number [00,59].} \lineii{\%M}{Minute as a decimal number [00,59].}
\lineii{\%p}{Locale's equivalent of either AM or PM.} \lineii{\%p}{Locale's equivalent of either AM or PM.}
\lineii{\%S}{Second as a decimal number [00,61].} \lineii{\%S}{Second as a decimal number [00,61].}
\lineii{\%U}{Week number of the year (Sunday as the first day of the \lineii{\%U}{Week number of the year (Sunday as the first day of the
week) as a decimal number [00,53]. All days in a new year week) as a decimal number [00,53]. All days in a new year
preceding the first Sunday are considered to be in week 0.} preceding the first Sunday are considered to be in week 0.}
\lineii{\%w}{Weekday as a decimal number [0(Sunday),6].} \lineii{\%w}{Weekday as a decimal number [0(Sunday),6].}
\lineii{\%W}{Week number of the year (Monday as the first day of the \lineii{\%W}{Week number of the year (Monday as the first day of the
week) as a decimal number [00,53]. All days in a new year week) as a decimal number [00,53]. All days in a new year
preceding the first Sunday are considered to be in week 0.} preceding the first Sunday are considered to be in week 0.}
\lineii{\%x}{Locale's appropriate date representation.} \lineii{\%x}{Locale's appropriate date representation.}
\lineii{\%X}{Locale's appropriate time representation.} \lineii{\%X}{Locale's appropriate time representation.}
\lineii{\%y}{Year without century as a decimal number [00,99].} \lineii{\%y}{Year without century as a decimal number [00,99].}
\lineii{\%Y}{Year with century as a decimal number.} \lineii{\%Y}{Year with century as a decimal number.}
\lineii{\%Z}{Time zone name (or by no characters if no time zone exists).} \lineii{\%Z}{Time zone name (or by no characters if no time zone exists).}
\lineii{\%\%}{\%} \lineii{\%\%}{\%}
\end{tableii} \end{tableii}
Additional directives may be supported on certain platforms, but Additional directives may be supported on certain platforms, but
only the ones listed here have a meaning standardized by ANSI C. only the ones listed here have a meaning standardized by ANSI C.
On some platforms, an optional field width and precision On some platforms, an optional field width and precision
specification can immediately follow the initial \% of a specification can immediately follow the initial \code{\%} of a
directive in the following order; this is also not portable. directive in the following order; this is also not portable.
The field width is normally 2 except for \%j where it is 3. The field width is normally 2 except for \code{\%j} where it is 3.
\end{funcdesc} \end{funcdesc}
......
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