Add 'PyThreadState *tstate' parameter to errors.c functions to avoid
relying on global variables (indirectly on _PyRuntime).

Remove main_thread and main_interp variables from signalmodule.c:
reuse _PyRuntime which already track the main thread and the main
interpreter.

* Remove #include <sys/types.h> which became useless: getpid() call
  has been removed.
* Add runtime argument to is_main()
* is_main() now gets the interpreter from runtime.

Previously, it was hard to tell whether a function should be awaited. It was also incorrect (per PEP 484) to put this in the type hint for coroutine functions. Added this info to the output of builtins.help and pydoc.


https://bugs.python.org/issue36045

bpo-34626: Document creating heap types from the C-API

Add missing descriptions of PEP384's PyType_Spec and PyType_Slot,
along with some introductory prose.

``_thread.interrupt_main()`` now avoids setting the Python error status if the ``SIGINT`` signal is ignored or not handled by Python.

Adds sys.audit, sys.addaudithook, io.open_code, and associated C APIs.

I've reported the issue on https://bugs.python.org/issue37008 and now I'm trying to bring a solution to this minor issue.

I think it could be trivially backported to 3.7 branch.


https://bugs.python.org/issue37008

* _PyPreConfig_InitCompatConfig() sets utf8_mode to 0.
* Change Py_UTF8Mode default value to 0.
* Fix _PyPreConfig_Copy(): copy also _config_init attrbibute.
* _PyPreConfig_AsDict() exports _config_init
* Fix _PyPreConfig_GetGlobalConfig(): use Py_UTF8Mode if it's greater
  than 0, even if utf8_mode >= 0.
* Add unit tests on environment variables using Python API.

In development (-X dev) mode and in a debug build, IOBase finalizer
of the _pyio module now logs the exception if the close() method
fails. The exception is ignored silently by default in release build.

test_io: test_error_through_destructor() now uses
support.catch_unraisable_exception() rather than capturing stderr.

To embed Python into an application, a new --embed option must be
passed to "python3-config --libs --embed" to get "-lpython3.8" (link
the application to libpython). To support both 3.8 and older, try
"python3-config --libs --embed" first and fallback to "python3-config
--libs" (without --embed) if the previous command fails.

Add a pkg-config "python-3.8-embed" module to embed Python into an
application: "pkg-config python-3.8-embed --libs" includes
"-lpython3.8".  To support both 3.8 and older, try "pkg-config
python-X.Y-embed --libs" first and fallback to "pkg-config python-X.Y
--libs" (without --embed) if the previous command fails (replace
"X.Y" with the Python version).

On the other hand, "pkg-config python3.8 --libs" no longer contains
"-lpython3.8". C extensions must not be linked to libpython (except
on Android, case handled by the script); this change is backward
incompatible on purpose.

"make install" now also installs "python-3.8-embed.pc".

…nctions with asserts

The actual overflow can never happen because of the following:
* The size of a list can't be greater than PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / sizeof(PyObject*).
* The size of a pointer on all supported plaftorms is at least 4 bytes.
* ofs is positive and less than the list size at the beginning of each iteration.





https://bugs.python.org/issue35091

PyErr_WriteUnraisable() now creates a traceback object if there is no
current traceback. Moreover, call PyErr_NormalizeException() and
PyException_SetTraceback() to normalize the exception value. Ignore
silently any error.

* Rename private C functions:

  * _Py_Initialize_ReconfigureCore => pyinit_core_reconfigure
  * _Py_InitializeCore_impl => pyinit_core_config
  * _Py_InitializeCore = > pyinit_core
  * _Py_InitializeMainInterpreter => pyinit_main
  * init_python => pyinit_python

* Rename _testembed.c commands: add "test_" prefix.

* _PyPreConfig_GetGlobalConfig() and  _PyCoreConfig_GetGlobalConfig()
  now do nothing if the configuration was not initialized with
  _PyPreConfig_InitCompatConfig() and _PyCoreConfig_InitCompatConfig()
* Remove utf8_mode=-2 special case: use utf8_mode=-1 instead.
* Fix _PyPreConfig_InitPythonConfig():

  * isolated = 0 instead of -1
  * use_environment = 1 instead of -1

* Rename _PyConfig_INIT to  _PyConfig_INIT_COMPAT
* Rename _PyPreConfig_Init() to _PyPreConfig_InitCompatConfig()
* Rename _PyCoreConfig_Init() to _PyCoreConfig_InitCompatConfig()
* PyInterpreterState_New() now uses _PyCoreConfig_InitPythonConfig()
  as default configuration, but it's very quickly overriden anyway.
* _freeze_importlib.c uses _PyCoreConfig_SetString() to set
  program_name.
* Cleanup preconfig_init_utf8_mode(): cmdline is always non-NULL.

* Copy test_exceptions.test_unraisable() to
  test_sys.UnraisableHookTest().
* Use catch_unraisable_exception() in test_coroutines,
  test_exceptions, test_generators.

* Fixes issue 24882

* Add news file entry for change.

* Change test_concurrent_futures.ThreadPoolShutdownTest

Adjust the shutdown test so that, after submitting three jobs
to the executor, the test checks for less than three threads,
instead of looking for exactly three threads.

If idle threads are being recycled properly, then we should have
less than three threads.

* Switched idle count to semaphor, Updated tests

As suggested by reviewer tomMoral, swapped lock-protected counter
with a semaphore to track the number of unused threads.

Adjusted test_threads_terminate to wait for completiton of the
previous future before submitting a new one (and checking the
number of threads used).

Also added a new test to confirm the thread pool can be saturated.

* Updates tests as requested by pitrou.

* Correct minor whitespace error.

* Make test_saturation faster

bpo-33110: Catch errors raised when running add_done_callback on already completed futures (GH-13141)

Wrap the callback call within the `add_done_callback` function within concurrent.futures, in order to behave in an identical manner to callbacks added to a running future are triggered once it has completed.

This disallows things like `# type: ignoreé`, which seems wrong.

Also switch to using Py_ISALNUM for the alnum check, for consistency
with other code (and maybe correctness re: locale issues?).


https://bugs.python.org/issue36878

CVE-2019-9948: Avoid file reading as disallowing the unnecessary URL
scheme in URLopener().open() and URLopener().retrieve()
of urllib.request.
Co-Authored-By: SH <push0ebp@gmail.com>

https://bugs.python.org/issue34616

Add native thread ID (TID) to threading.Thread objects
(supported platforms: Windows, FreeBSD, Linux, macOS).

A very simple fix. I found this while writing typeshed stubs for StreamRecoder.


https://bugs.python.org/issue33482

GH-13238 made extra text after a # type: ignore accepted by the parser.
This finishes the job and actually plumbs the extra text through the
parser and makes it available in the AST.

In order to support typing checks calling hex(), oct() and bin() on user-defined classes, a SupportIndex protocol is required. The ability to check these at runtime would be good to add for completeness sake. This is pretty much just a copy of SupportsInt with the names tweaked.

It adds a missing testcase for bpo-34125. This is testing code which is
affected by PEP 590, so missing this test might accidentally break
CPython if we screw up with implementing PEP 590.

Add new sys.unraisablehook() function which can be overridden to
control how "unraisable exceptions" are handled. It is called when an
exception has occurred but there is no way for Python to handle it.
For example, when a destructor raises an exception or during garbage
collection (gc.collect()).

Changes:

* Add an internal UnraisableHookArgs type used to pass arguments to
  sys.unraisablehook.
* Add _PyErr_WriteUnraisableDefaultHook().
* The default hook now ignores exception on writing the traceback.
* test_sys now uses unittest.main() to automatically discover tests:
  remove test_main().
* Add _PyErr_Init().
* Fix PyErr_WriteUnraisable(): hold a strong reference to sys.stderr
  while using it

See also PR GH-13148.

The ``__rmod__`` method of ``collections.UserString`` class had a bug that made it unusable. 


https://bugs.python.org/issue25652

Co-Authored-By: Yury Selivanov <yury@magic.io>