See https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/201#discussion_r103229425.

* Add _PyObject_HasFastCall()
* partial_call() now avoids temporary tuple to pass positional
  arguments if the callable supports the FASTCALL calling convention
  for positional arguments.
* Fix also a performance regression in partial_call() if the callable
  doesn't support FASTCALL.

Call abs_paths() only if removeduppaths() changed sys.path

PyEval_Call* APIs are not documented and they doesn't respect PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN.
So add comment block which recommends PyObject_Call* APIs to ceval.h.

This commit also changes PyEval_CallMethod and PyEval_CallFunction
implementation same to PyObject_CallMethod and PyObject_CallFunction
to reduce future maintenance cost.  Optimization to avoid temporary
tuple are copied too.

PyEval_CallFunction(callable, "i", (int)i) now calls callable(i) instead of
raising TypeError.  But accepting this edge case is backward compatible.

FreeBSD is the only platforms with unsigned FD_SETSIZE.

if attributes "encoding" or "errors" of sys.stdin or sys.stdout
are not set or are not strings.

Based on patch by Vajrasky Kok.

Directory and zipfile execution previously added
the parent directory of the directory or zipfile
as sys.path[0] and then subsequently overwrote
it with the directory or zipfile itself.

This caused problems in isolated mode, as it
overwrote the "stdlib as a zip archive" entry
in sys.path, as the parent directory was
never added.

The attempted fix to that issue in bpo-29319
created the opposite problem in *non*-isolated
mode, by potentially leaving the parent
directory on sys.path instead of overwriting it.

This change fixes the root cause of the problem
by removing the whole "add-and-overwrite" dance
for sys.path[0], and instead simply never adds
the parent directory to sys.path in the first
place.

In git worktree directories, `.git` is a configuration
file rather than a subdirectory

Based on patch by Vajrasky Kok.

support.unlink waits for the files to be removed before returning

* bpo-26121: Use C library implementation for math functions:
tgamma(), lgamma(), erf() and erfc().

* Don't use tgamma() and lgamma() from libc on OS X.

Based on patch by Vajrasky Kok.

Some BytesIO methods now accept not just int subclasses but other int-like types.