Issue #27841: Add _PyObject_Call_Prepend() helper function to prepend an
argument to existing arguments to call a function. This helper uses fast calls.

Modify method_call() and slot_tp_new() to use _PyObject_Call_Prepend().

Pass stack, not unrelated and uninitialized args!

_Pickle_FastCall() is now fast again!

The optimization was introduced in Python 3.2, removed in Python 3.4 and
reintroduced in Python 3.6 (thanks to the new generic fastcall functions).

_PyObject_FastCallDict() only requires _Py_CheckFunctionResult() for the
slow-path. Other cases already check for the result.

Issue #27830: Similar to _PyObject_FastCallDict(), but keyword arguments are
also passed in the same C array than positional arguments, rather than being
passed as a Python dict.

Noticed by Xiang Zhang.

Issue #27848: use Py_ssize_t rather than C int for the number of function
positional and keyword arguments.

Patch by Jaysinh Shukla and Stéphane Wirtel.

When the body object is a file, its size is no longer determined with
fstat(), since that can report the wrong result (e.g. reading from a pipe).
Instead, determine the size using seek(), or fall back to chunked encoding
for unseekable files.

Also, change the logic for detecting text files to check for TextIOBase
inheritance, rather than inspecting the “mode” attribute, which may not
exist (e.g. BytesIO and StringIO).  The Content-Length for text files is no
longer determined ahead of time, because the original logic could have been
wrong depending on the codec and newline translation settings.

Patch by Demian Brecht and Rolf Krahl, with a few tweaks by me.

Although nth roots of negative numbers are real for odd n, the
statistics module doesn't make use of this. Remove support for
negative roots from the private _nth_root function, which
simplifies the test suite.

Patch by Christian Heimes, reviewed by Martin Panter.

Patch by SilengGhost.

Use a small stack allocated in the C stack for up to 5 iterator functions,
otherwise allocates a stack on the heap memory.

Issue #27809:

* PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs(), _PyObject_CallMethodIdObjArgs() and
  PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs() now use fast call to avoid the creation of a
  temporary tuple
* Rename objargs_mktuple() to objargs_mkstack()
* objargs_mkstack() now stores objects in a C array using borrowed references,
  instead of storing arguments into a tuple

objargs_mkstack() uses a small buffer allocated on the C stack for 5 arguments
or less, or allocates a buffer in the heap memory.

Note: this change is different than the change 0e4f26083bbb, I fixed the test
to decide if the small stack can be used or not. sizeof(PyObject**) was also
replaced with sizeof(stack[0]) since the sizeof() was wrong (but gave the same
result).

Issue #27809:

* PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs(), _PyObject_CallMethodIdObjArgs() and
  PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs() now use fast call to avoid the creation of a
  temporary tuple
* Rename objargs_mktuple() to objargs_mkstack()
* objargs_mkstack() now stores objects in a C array using borrowed references,
  instead of storing arguments into a tuple

objargs_mkstack() uses a small buffer allocated on the C stack for 5 arguments
or less, or allocates a buffer in the heap memory.

Use a small stack allocated in the C stack for up to 5 iterator functions,
otherwise allocates a stack on the heap memory.