Fixed #24474 -- Allowed configuring the admin's empty change list value.

django/contrib/admin/filters.py

@@ -174,6 +174,7 @@ class RelatedFieldListFilter(FieldListFilter):
         else:
             self.lookup_title = other_model._meta.verbose_name
         self.title = self.lookup_title
+        self.empty_value_display = model_admin.get_empty_value_display()
 
     def has_output(self):
         if self.field.null:
@@ -189,7 +190,6 @@ class RelatedFieldListFilter(FieldListFilter):
         return field.get_choices(include_blank=False)
 
     def choices(self, cl):
-        from django.contrib.admin.views.main import EMPTY_CHANGELIST_VALUE
         yield {
             'selected': self.lookup_val is None and not self.lookup_val_isnull,
             'query_string': cl.get_query_string({},
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ class RelatedFieldListFilter(FieldListFilter):
                 'query_string': cl.get_query_string({
                     self.lookup_kwarg_isnull: 'True',
                 }, [self.lookup_kwarg]),
-                'display': EMPTY_CHANGELIST_VALUE,
+                'display': self.empty_value_display,
             }
 
 FieldListFilter.register(lambda f: f.remote_field, RelatedFieldListFilter)
@@ -352,6 +352,7 @@ class AllValuesFieldListFilter(FieldListFilter):
         self.lookup_kwarg_isnull = '%s__isnull' % field_path
         self.lookup_val = request.GET.get(self.lookup_kwarg)
         self.lookup_val_isnull = request.GET.get(self.lookup_kwarg_isnull)
+        self.empty_value_display = model_admin.get_empty_value_display()
         parent_model, reverse_path = reverse_field_path(model, field_path)
         # Obey parent ModelAdmin queryset when deciding which options to show
         if model == parent_model:
@@ -369,7 +370,6 @@ class AllValuesFieldListFilter(FieldListFilter):
         return [self.lookup_kwarg, self.lookup_kwarg_isnull]
 
     def choices(self, cl):
-        from django.contrib.admin.views.main import EMPTY_CHANGELIST_VALUE
         yield {
             'selected': (self.lookup_val is None
                 and self.lookup_val_isnull is None),
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ class AllValuesFieldListFilter(FieldListFilter):
                 'query_string': cl.get_query_string({
                     self.lookup_kwarg_isnull: 'True',
                 }, [self.lookup_kwarg]),
-                'display': EMPTY_CHANGELIST_VALUE,
+                'display': self.empty_value_display,
             }
 
 FieldListFilter.register(lambda f: True, AllValuesFieldListFilter)

django/contrib/admin/helpers.py

@@ -174,6 +174,7 @@ class AdminReadonlyField(object):
         self.is_first = is_first
         self.is_checkbox = False
         self.is_readonly = True
+        self.empty_value_display = model_admin.get_empty_value_display()
 
     def label_tag(self):
         attrs = {}
@@ -186,12 +187,11 @@ class AdminReadonlyField(object):
 
     def contents(self):
         from django.contrib.admin.templatetags.admin_list import _boolean_icon
-        from django.contrib.admin.views.main import EMPTY_CHANGELIST_VALUE
         field, obj, model_admin = self.field['field'], self.form.instance, self.model_admin
         try:
             f, attr, value = lookup_field(field, obj, model_admin)
         except (AttributeError, ValueError, ObjectDoesNotExist):
-            result_repr = EMPTY_CHANGELIST_VALUE
+            result_repr = self.empty_value_display
         else:
             if f is None:
                 boolean = getattr(attr, "boolean", False)
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ class AdminReadonlyField(object):
                 if isinstance(f.remote_field, ManyToManyRel) and value is not None:
                     result_repr = ", ".join(map(six.text_type, value.all()))
                 else:
-                    result_repr = display_for_field(value, f)
+                    result_repr = display_for_field(value, f, self.empty_value_display)
         return conditional_escape(result_repr)
 
 

django/contrib/admin/options.py

@@ -273,6 +273,15 @@ class BaseModelAdmin(six.with_metaclass(forms.MediaDefiningClass)):
                 'object_id': obj.pk
             })
 
+    def get_empty_value_display(self):
+        """
+        Return the empty_value_display set on ModelAdmin or AdminSite.
+        """
+        try:
+            return mark_safe(self.empty_value_display)
+        except AttributeError:
+            return mark_safe(self.admin_site.empty_value_display)
+
     def get_fields(self, request, obj=None):
         """
         Hook for specifying fields.

django/contrib/admin/sites.py

@@ -48,6 +48,8 @@ class AdminSite(object):
     # URL for the "View site" link at the top of each admin page.
     site_url = '/'
 
+    _empty_value_display = '-'
+
     login_form = None
     index_template = None
     app_index_template = None
@@ -154,6 +156,14 @@ class AdminSite(object):
         """
         return six.iteritems(self._actions)
 
+    @property
+    def empty_value_display(self):
+        return self._empty_value_display
+
+    @empty_value_display.setter
+    def empty_value_display(self, empty_value_display):
+        self._empty_value_display = empty_value_display
+
     def has_permission(self, request):
         """
         Returns True if the given HttpRequest has permission to view

django/contrib/admin/templatetags/admin_list.py

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ from django.contrib.admin.utils import (
     display_for_field, display_for_value, label_for_field, lookup_field,
 )
 from django.contrib.admin.views.main import (
-    ALL_VAR, EMPTY_CHANGELIST_VALUE, ORDER_VAR, PAGE_VAR, SEARCH_VAR,
+    ALL_VAR, ORDER_VAR, PAGE_VAR, SEARCH_VAR,
 )
 from django.core.exceptions import ObjectDoesNotExist
 from django.core.urlresolvers import NoReverseMatch
@@ -194,20 +194,22 @@ def items_for_result(cl, result, form):
     first = True
     pk = cl.lookup_opts.pk.attname
     for field_name in cl.list_display:
+        empty_value_display = cl.model_admin.get_empty_value_display()
         row_classes = ['field-%s' % field_name]
         try:
             f, attr, value = lookup_field(field_name, result, cl.model_admin)
         except ObjectDoesNotExist:
-            result_repr = EMPTY_CHANGELIST_VALUE
+            result_repr = empty_value_display
         else:
+            empty_value_display = getattr(attr, 'empty_value_display', empty_value_display)
             if f is None or f.auto_created:
                 if field_name == 'action_checkbox':
                     row_classes = ['action-checkbox']
                 allow_tags = getattr(attr, 'allow_tags', False)
                 boolean = getattr(attr, 'boolean', False)
-                if boolean:
+                if boolean or not value:
                     allow_tags = True
-                result_repr = display_for_value(value, boolean)
+                result_repr = display_for_value(value, empty_value_display, boolean)
                 # Strip HTML tags in the resulting text, except if the
                 # function has an "allow_tags" attribute set to True.
                 if allow_tags:
@@ -218,11 +220,11 @@ def items_for_result(cl, result, form):
                 if isinstance(f.remote_field, models.ManyToOneRel):
                     field_val = getattr(result, f.name)
                     if field_val is None:
-                        result_repr = EMPTY_CHANGELIST_VALUE
+                        result_repr = empty_value_display
                     else:
                         result_repr = field_val
                 else:
-                    result_repr = display_for_field(value, f)
+                    result_repr = display_for_field(value, f, empty_value_display)
                 if isinstance(f, (models.DateField, models.TimeField, models.ForeignKey)):
                     row_classes.append('nowrap')
         if force_text(result_repr) == '':

django/contrib/admin/utils.py

@@ -378,18 +378,17 @@ def help_text_for_field(name, model):
     return smart_text(help_text)
 
 
-def display_for_field(value, field):
+def display_for_field(value, field, empty_value_display):
     from django.contrib.admin.templatetags.admin_list import _boolean_icon
-    from django.contrib.admin.views.main import EMPTY_CHANGELIST_VALUE
 
     if field.flatchoices:
-        return dict(field.flatchoices).get(value, EMPTY_CHANGELIST_VALUE)
+        return dict(field.flatchoices).get(value, empty_value_display)
     # NullBooleanField needs special-case null-handling, so it comes
     # before the general null test.
     elif isinstance(field, models.BooleanField) or isinstance(field, models.NullBooleanField):
         return _boolean_icon(value)
     elif value is None:
-        return EMPTY_CHANGELIST_VALUE
+        return empty_value_display
     elif isinstance(field, models.DateTimeField):
         return formats.localize(timezone.template_localtime(value))
     elif isinstance(field, (models.DateField, models.TimeField)):
@@ -404,14 +403,13 @@ def display_for_field(value, field):
         return smart_text(value)
 
 
-def display_for_value(value, boolean=False):
+def display_for_value(value, empty_value_display, boolean=False):
     from django.contrib.admin.templatetags.admin_list import _boolean_icon
-    from django.contrib.admin.views.main import EMPTY_CHANGELIST_VALUE
 
     if boolean:
         return _boolean_icon(value)
     elif value is None:
-        return EMPTY_CHANGELIST_VALUE
+        return empty_value_display
     elif isinstance(value, datetime.datetime):
         return formats.localize(timezone.template_localtime(value))
     elif isinstance(value, (datetime.date, datetime.time)):

django/contrib/admin/views/main.py

@@ -33,9 +33,6 @@ ERROR_FLAG = 'e'
 IGNORED_PARAMS = (
     ALL_VAR, ORDER_VAR, ORDER_TYPE_VAR, SEARCH_VAR, IS_POPUP_VAR, TO_FIELD_VAR)
 
-# Text to display within change-list table cells if the value is blank.
-EMPTY_CHANGELIST_VALUE = '-'
-
 
 class ChangeList(object):
     def __init__(self, request, model, list_display, list_display_links,

docs/ref/contrib/admin/index.txt

@@ -205,6 +205,33 @@ subclass::
         to its documentation for some caveats when time zone support is
         enabled (:setting:`USE_TZ = True <USE_TZ>`).
 
+.. attribute:: ModelAdmin.empty_value_display
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.9
+
+    This attribute overrides the default display value for record's fields that
+    are empty (``None``, empty string, etc.). The default value is ``-`` (a
+    dash). For example::
+
+        from django.contrib import admin
+
+        class AuthorAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
+            empty_value_display = '-empty-'
+
+    You can also override ``empty_value_display`` for all admin pages with
+    :attr:`AdminSite.empty_value_display`, or for specific fields like this::
+
+        from django.contrib import admin
+
+        class AuthorAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
+            fields = ('name', 'title', 'view_birth_date')
+
+            def view_birth_date(self, obj):
+                return obj.birth_date
+
+            view_birth_date.short_name = 'birth_date'
+            view_birth_date.empty_value_display = '???'
+
 .. attribute:: ModelAdmin.exclude
 
     This attribute, if given, should be a list of field names to exclude from
@@ -583,6 +610,33 @@ subclass::
           class PersonAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
               list_display = ('first_name', 'last_name', 'colored_name')
 
+    * If the value of a field is ``None``, an empty string, or an iterable
+      without elements, Django will display ``-`` (a dash). You can override
+      this with :attr:`AdminSite.empty_value_display`::
+
+          from django.contrib import admin
+
+          admin.site.empty_value_display = '(None)'
+
+      You can also use :attr:`AdminSite.empty_value_display`::
+
+          class PersonAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
+              empty_value_display = 'unknown'
+
+      Or on a field level::
+
+          class PersonAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
+              list_display = ('name', 'birth_date_view')
+
+              def birth_date_view(self, obj):
+                   return obj.birth_date
+
+              birth_date_view.empty_value_display = 'unknown'
+
+      .. versionadded:: 1.9
+
+          The ability to customize ``empty_value_display`` was added.
+
     * If the string given is a method of the model, ``ModelAdmin`` or a
       callable that returns True or False Django will display a pretty
       "on" or "off" icon if you give the method a ``boolean`` attribute
@@ -604,7 +658,6 @@ subclass::
           class PersonAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
               list_display = ('name', 'born_in_fifties')
 
-
     * The ``__str__()`` (``__unicode__()`` on Python 2) method is just
       as valid in ``list_display`` as any other model method, so it's
       perfectly OK to do this::
@@ -2474,6 +2527,16 @@ Templates can override or extend base admin templates as described in
 
     Path to a custom template that will be used by the admin site app index view.
 
+.. attribute:: AdminSite.empty_value_display
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.9
+
+    The string to use for displaying empty values in the admin site's change
+    list. Defaults to a dash. The value can also be overridden on a per
+    ``ModelAdmin`` basis and on a custom field within a ``ModelAdmin`` by
+    setting an ``empty_value_display`` attribute on the field. See
+    :attr:`ModelAdmin.empty_value_display` for examples.
+
 .. attribute:: AdminSite.login_template
 
     Path to a custom template that will be used by the admin site login view.

docs/releases/1.9.txt

@@ -52,6 +52,12 @@ Minor features
   applications for the current user, has been added to the
   :meth:`AdminSite.each_context() <django.contrib.admin.AdminSite.each_context>`
   method.
+* :attr:`AdminSite.empty_value_display
+  <django.contrib.admin.AdminSite.empty_value_display>` and
+  :attr:`ModelAdmin.empty_value_display
+  <django.contrib.admin.ModelAdmin.empty_value_display>` were added to override
+  the display of empty values in admin change list. You can also customize the
+  value for each field.
 
 :mod:`django.contrib.auth`
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

tests/admin_changelist/admin.py

@@ -130,3 +130,12 @@ class DynamicSearchFieldsChildAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
         search_fields = super(DynamicSearchFieldsChildAdmin, self).get_search_fields(request)
         search_fields += ('age',)
         return search_fields
+
+
+class EmptyValueChildAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
+    empty_value_display = '-empty-'
+    list_display = ('name', 'age_display', 'age')
+
+    def age_display(self, obj):
+        return obj.age
+    age_display.empty_value_display = '†'

tests/admin_changelist/tests.py

@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@ from .admin import (
     BandAdmin, ChildAdmin, ChordsBandAdmin, ConcertAdmin,
     CustomPaginationAdmin, CustomPaginator, DynamicListDisplayChildAdmin,
     DynamicListDisplayLinksChildAdmin, DynamicListFilterChildAdmin,
-    DynamicSearchFieldsChildAdmin, FilteredChildAdmin, GroupAdmin,
-    InvitationAdmin, NoListDisplayLinksParentAdmin, ParentAdmin, QuartetAdmin,
-    SwallowAdmin, site as custom_site,
+    DynamicSearchFieldsChildAdmin, EmptyValueChildAdmin, FilteredChildAdmin,
+    GroupAdmin, InvitationAdmin, NoListDisplayLinksParentAdmin, ParentAdmin,
+    QuartetAdmin, SwallowAdmin, site as custom_site,
 )
 from .models import (
     Band, Child, ChordsBand, ChordsMusician, Concert, CustomIdUser, Event,
@@ -109,14 +109,67 @@ class ChangeListTests(TestCase):
         list_display = m.get_list_display(request)
         list_display_links = m.get_list_display_links(request, list_display)
         cl = ChangeList(request, Child, list_display, list_display_links,
-                m.list_filter, m.date_hierarchy, m.search_fields,
-                m.list_select_related, m.list_per_page, m.list_max_show_all, m.list_editable, m)
+            m.list_filter, m.date_hierarchy, m.search_fields,
+            m.list_select_related, m.list_per_page, m.list_max_show_all, m.list_editable, m)
+        cl.formset = None
+        template = Template('{% load admin_list %}{% spaceless %}{% result_list cl %}{% endspaceless %}')
+        context = Context({'cl': cl})
+        table_output = template.render(context)
+        link = reverse('admin:admin_changelist_child_change', args=(new_child.id,))
+        row_html = (
+            '<tbody><tr class="row1"><th class="field-name"><a href="%s">name</a></th>'
+            '<td class="field-parent nowrap">-</td></tr></tbody>' % link
+        )
+        self.assertNotEqual(table_output.find(row_html), -1,
+            'Failed to find expected row element: %s' % table_output)
+
+    def test_result_list_set_empty_value_display_on_admin_site(self):
+        """
+        Test that empty value display can be set on AdminSite
+        """
+        new_child = Child.objects.create(name='name', parent=None)
+        request = self.factory.get('/child/')
+        # Set a new empty display value on AdminSite.
+        admin.site.empty_value_display = '???'
+        m = ChildAdmin(Child, admin.site)
+        list_display = m.get_list_display(request)
+        list_display_links = m.get_list_display_links(request, list_display)
+        cl = ChangeList(request, Child, list_display, list_display_links,
+            m.list_filter, m.date_hierarchy, m.search_fields,
+            m.list_select_related, m.list_per_page, m.list_max_show_all, m.list_editable, m)
+        cl.formset = None
+        template = Template('{% load admin_list %}{% spaceless %}{% result_list cl %}{% endspaceless %}')
+        context = Context({'cl': cl})
+        table_output = template.render(context)
+        link = reverse('admin:admin_changelist_child_change', args=(new_child.id,))
+        row_html = (
+            '<tbody><tr class="row1"><th class="field-name"><a href="%s">name</a></th>'
+            '<td class="field-parent nowrap">???</td></tr></tbody>' % link
+        )
+        self.assertNotEqual(table_output.find(row_html), -1,
+            'Failed to find expected row element: %s' % table_output)
+
+    def test_result_list_set_empty_value_display_in_model_admin(self):
+        """
+        Test that empty value display can be set in ModelAdmin or individual fields.
+        """
+        new_child = Child.objects.create(name='name', parent=None)
+        request = self.factory.get('/child/')
+        m = EmptyValueChildAdmin(Child, admin.site)
+        list_display = m.get_list_display(request)
+        list_display_links = m.get_list_display_links(request, list_display)
+        cl = ChangeList(request, Child, list_display, list_display_links,
+            m.list_filter, m.date_hierarchy, m.search_fields,
+            m.list_select_related, m.list_per_page, m.list_max_show_all, m.list_editable, m)
         cl.formset = None
         template = Template('{% load admin_list %}{% spaceless %}{% result_list cl %}{% endspaceless %}')
         context = Context({'cl': cl})
         table_output = template.render(context)
         link = reverse('admin:admin_changelist_child_change', args=(new_child.id,))
-        row_html = '<tbody><tr class="row1"><th class="field-name"><a href="%s">name</a></th><td class="field-parent nowrap">-</td></tr></tbody>' % link
+        row_html = (
+            '<tbody><tr class="row1"><th class="field-name"><a href="%s">name</a></th>'
+            '<td class="field-age_display">&dagger;</td><td class="field-age">-empty-</td></tr></tbody>' % link
+        )
         self.assertNotEqual(table_output.find(row_html), -1,
             'Failed to find expected row element: %s' % table_output)
 
@@ -132,14 +185,17 @@ class ChangeListTests(TestCase):
         list_display = m.get_list_display(request)
         list_display_links = m.get_list_display_links(request, list_display)
         cl = ChangeList(request, Child, list_display, list_display_links,
-                m.list_filter, m.date_hierarchy, m.search_fields,
-                m.list_select_related, m.list_per_page, m.list_max_show_all, m.list_editable, m)
+            m.list_filter, m.date_hierarchy, m.search_fields,
+            m.list_select_related, m.list_per_page, m.list_max_show_all, m.list_editable, m)
         cl.formset = None
         template = Template('{% load admin_list %}{% spaceless %}{% result_list cl %}{% endspaceless %}')
         context = Context({'cl': cl})
         table_output = template.render(context)
         link = reverse('admin:admin_changelist_child_change', args=(new_child.id,))
-        row_html = '<tbody><tr class="row1"><th class="field-name"><a href="%s">name</a></th><td class="field-parent nowrap">Parent object</td></tr></tbody>' % link
+        row_html = (
+            '<tbody><tr class="row1"><th class="field-name"><a href="%s">name</a></th>'
+            '<td class="field-parent nowrap">Parent object</td></tr></tbody>' % link
+        )
         self.assertNotEqual(table_output.find(row_html), -1,
             'Failed to find expected row element: %s' % table_output)
 

tests/admin_utils/tests.py

@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ from django.contrib.admin.utils import (
     NestedObjects, display_for_field, flatten, flatten_fieldsets,
     label_for_field, lookup_field,
 )
-from django.contrib.admin.views.main import EMPTY_CHANGELIST_VALUE
 from django.db import DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS, models
 from django.test import TestCase, override_settings
 from django.utils import six
@@ -96,6 +95,9 @@ class NestedObjectsTests(TestCase):
 
 
 class UtilsTests(TestCase):
+
+    empty_value = '-empty-'
+
     def test_values_from_lookup_field(self):
         """
         Regression test for #12654: lookup_field
@@ -136,7 +138,7 @@ class UtilsTests(TestCase):
             field, attr, resolved_value = lookup_field(name, article, mock_admin)
 
             if field is not None:
-                resolved_value = display_for_field(resolved_value, field)
+                resolved_value = display_for_field(resolved_value, field, self.empty_value)
 
             self.assertEqual(value, resolved_value)
 
@@ -145,53 +147,53 @@ class UtilsTests(TestCase):
         Regression test for #12550: display_for_field should handle None
         value.
         """
-        display_value = display_for_field(None, models.CharField())
-        self.assertEqual(display_value, EMPTY_CHANGELIST_VALUE)
+        display_value = display_for_field(None, models.CharField(), self.empty_value)
+        self.assertEqual(display_value, self.empty_value)
 
         display_value = display_for_field(None, models.CharField(
             choices=(
                 (None, "test_none"),
             )
-        ))
+        ), self.empty_value)
         self.assertEqual(display_value, "test_none")
 
-        display_value = display_for_field(None, models.DateField())
-        self.assertEqual(display_value, EMPTY_CHANGELIST_VALUE)
+        display_value = display_for_field(None, models.DateField(), self.empty_value)
+        self.assertEqual(display_value, self.empty_value)
 
-        display_value = display_for_field(None, models.TimeField())
-        self.assertEqual(display_value, EMPTY_CHANGELIST_VALUE)
+        display_value = display_for_field(None, models.TimeField(), self.empty_value)
+        self.assertEqual(display_value, self.empty_value)
 
         # Regression test for #13071: NullBooleanField has special
         # handling.
-        display_value = display_for_field(None, models.NullBooleanField())
+        display_value = display_for_field(None, models.NullBooleanField(), self.empty_value)
         expected = '<img src="%sadmin/img/icon-unknown.gif" alt="None" />' % settings.STATIC_URL
         self.assertHTMLEqual(display_value, expected)
 
-        display_value = display_for_field(None, models.DecimalField())
-        self.assertEqual(display_value, EMPTY_CHANGELIST_VALUE)
+        display_value = display_for_field(None, models.DecimalField(), self.empty_value)
+        self.assertEqual(display_value, self.empty_value)
 
-        display_value = display_for_field(None, models.FloatField())
-        self.assertEqual(display_value, EMPTY_CHANGELIST_VALUE)
+        display_value = display_for_field(None, models.FloatField(), self.empty_value)
+        self.assertEqual(display_value, self.empty_value)
 
     def test_number_formats_display_for_field(self):
-        display_value = display_for_field(12345.6789, models.FloatField())
+        display_value = display_for_field(12345.6789, models.FloatField(), self.empty_value)
         self.assertEqual(display_value, '12345.6789')
 
-        display_value = display_for_field(Decimal('12345.6789'), models.DecimalField())
+        display_value = display_for_field(Decimal('12345.6789'), models.DecimalField(), self.empty_value)
         self.assertEqual(display_value, '12345.6789')
 
-        display_value = display_for_field(12345, models.IntegerField())
+        display_value = display_for_field(12345, models.IntegerField(), self.empty_value)
         self.assertEqual(display_value, '12345')
 
     @override_settings(USE_L10N=True, USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True)
     def test_number_formats_with_thousand_seperator_display_for_field(self):
-        display_value = display_for_field(12345.6789, models.FloatField())
+        display_value = display_for_field(12345.6789, models.FloatField(), self.empty_value)
         self.assertEqual(display_value, '12,345.6789')
 
-        display_value = display_for_field(Decimal('12345.6789'), models.DecimalField())
+        display_value = display_for_field(Decimal('12345.6789'), models.DecimalField(), self.empty_value)
         self.assertEqual(display_value, '12,345.6789')
 
-        display_value = display_for_field(12345, models.IntegerField())
+        display_value = display_for_field(12345, models.IntegerField(), self.empty_value)
         self.assertEqual(display_value, '12,345')
 
     def test_label_for_field(self):