Added a test for the condition safe_join is designed to prevent.

Previously, a generic ValueError was raised. It was impossible to tell
an intentional exception raised to implement safe_join's contract from
an unintentional exception caused by incorrect inputs or unexpected
conditions. That resulted in bizarre exception catching patterns, which
this patch removes.

Since safe_join is a private API and since the change is unlikely to
create security issues for users who use it anyway -- at worst, an
uncaught SuspiciousFileOperation exception will bubble up -- it isn't
documented.